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Vol. 49, Issue 2, 157-230, June 1997
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo, Japan
I. Introduction
II. Calcium Movements
A. Calcium Movements Predicted from Muscle Contraction
B. Measurements of Radioactive Calcium Fluxes
1. Slowly exchanging calcium fraction.
2. Lanthanum-inaccessible fraction.
3. Suggested calcium movements in smooth muscle.
C. Measurements of Cytosolic Free Calcium Level
1. Aequorin.
2. Fluorescent indicators.
D. Mechanisms of Calcium Mobilization
1. Voltage-dependent calcium channels.
2. Nonselective cation channel and calcium release-activated
calcium channel.
3. Sodium-calcium exchange.
4. Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
5. Calcium pumps in plasmalemma and the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
6. Mitochondria.
E. Calcium Distribution and Function
1. Noncontractile calcium compartment.
2. Calcium sparks, waves, oscillations, and gradients.
3. Role of localized calcium.
III. Changes in Calcium Sensitivity
A. Increase in Calcium Sensitivity
B. Decrease in Calcium Sensitivity and Inhibition of
Agonist-Induced Increase
IV. Effects of Pharmacological Agents
A. Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
1. Myosin light chain kinase.
2. A kinase.
3. G kinase.
4. C kinase.
5. Tyrosine kinase.
6. Phosphatases.
B. Agents That Change Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Function
1. Caffeine.
2. Ryanodine.
3. Inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump.
C. Stimulants
1. Membrane depolarization.
2. Receptor agonists.
3. Other constrictors.
4. Summary.
D. Relaxants
1. Calcium channel blockers.
2. Potassium channel openers.
3. Other relaxants.
4. Summary.
E. Agents Affecting Endothelial Functions
1. Calcium movements in vascular endothelium.
2. Effects of fluid shear stress.
3. Relaxant effect of nitric oxide.
V. Calcium Movements, Distribution, and Functions in Smooth Muscle
A. Calcium Movements and Distribution
B. Receptor-Effector-Structure Interrelationship
VI. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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