HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Caulfield, M. P. Articles by Birdsall, N. J. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Caulfield, M. P. Articles by Birdsall, N. J. M.

Vol. 50, Issue 2, 279-290, June 1998

International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors^a

Malcolm P. Caulfield and Nigel J. M. Birdsall^b

Department of Pharmacology (M.P.C.), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland and Division of Physical Biochemistry (N.J.M.B.), National Institute for Medical Research, London, England

I. Introduction
II. Nomenclature
III. Molecular Definition of Subtypes
IV. Pharmacological Definition of Subtypes
    A. Antagonists
    B. Allosteric Agents
    C. Definition of Individual Receptor Subtypes
        1. M₁ receptors.
        2. M₂ receptors.
        3. M₃ receptors.
        4. M₄ receptors.
        5. M₅ receptors.
        6. Functional systems whose classification is open to debate.
    D. Agonists
V. Transduction Mechanisms and Functional Responses
VI. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

---

^a   Composition of the muscarinic receptor subcommittee of the International Union of Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification: N.J.M. Birdsall (Chair), Division of Physical Biochemistry, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK; N.J. Buckley, Department of Pharmacology, Wellcome Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; M.P. Caulfield, Department of Pharmacology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland; R. Hammer, Drug Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim KG, Binger Strae 173, D-55216 Ingelheim/Rhein, Germany; H.J. Kilbinger, Pharmakologisches Institut, University of Mainz, Germany; G. Lambrecht, Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Biocentre Niederursel, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany; E. Mutschler, Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Biocentre Niederursel, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany; N.M. Nathanson, Department of Pharmacology, SJ-30, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; R.D. Schwarz, Parke-Davis Pharmacology Research Division, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
^b   Address for correspondence: Nigel J.M. Birdsall, Division of Physical Biochemistry, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK. E-mail: n.birdsa{at}nimr.mrc.ac.uk.

---

0031-6997/98/5002-0279$03.00/0
PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Copyright © 1998 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. K. Klein, R. V. Haberberger, P. Hartmann, P. Faulhammer, K. S. Lips, B. Krain, J. Wess, W. Kummer, and P. Konig Muscarinic receptor subtypes in cilia-driven transport and airway epithelial development Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2009; 33(5): 1113 - 1121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gautam, J. Jeon, M. F. Starost, S.-J. Han, F. F. Hamdan, Y. Cui, A. F. Parlow, O. Gavrilova, I. Szalayova, E. Mezey, et al. Neuronal M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are essential for somatotroph proliferation and normal somatic growth PNAS, April 14, 2009; 106(15): 6398 - 6403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Braverman, L. S. Miller, A. K. Vegesna, M. I. Tiwana, R. J. Tallarida, and M. R. Ruggieri Sr. Quantitation of the Contractile Response Mediated by Two Receptors: M2 and M3 Muscarinic Receptor-Mediated Contractions of Human Gastroesophageal Smooth Muscle J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2009; 329(1): 218 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Lucas-Meunier, C. Monier, M. Amar, G. Baux, Y. Fregnac, and P. Fossier Involvement of Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors in the Endogenous Cholinergic Modulation of the Balance between Excitation and Inhibition in the Young Rat Visual Cortex Cereb Cortex, January 28, 2009; (2009) bhn258v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kano, T. Ohno-Shosaku, Y. Hashimotodani, M. Uchigashima, and M. Watanabe Endocannabinoid-Mediated Control of Synaptic Transmission Physiol Rev, January 1, 2009; 89(1): 309 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kwatra Limitations of the Anticholinergic Risk Scale Arch Intern Med, November 24, 2008; 168(21): 2386 - 2386. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Thomas, R. Mistry, C. J. Langmead, M. D. Wood, and R. A. J. Challiss G Protein Coupling and Signaling Pathway Activation by M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Orthosteric and Allosteric Agonists J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2008; 327(2): 365 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Valant, K. J. Gregory, N. E. Hall, P. J. Scammells, M. J. Lew, P. M. Sexton, and A. Christopoulos A Novel Mechanism of G Protein-coupled Receptor Functional Selectivity: MUSCARINIC PARTIAL AGONIST McN-A-343 AS A BITOPIC ORTHOSTERIC/ALLOSTERIC LIGAND J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 2008; 283(43): 29312 - 29321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Haag, S. Matthiesen, U. R. Juergens, and K. Racke Muscarinic receptors mediate stimulation of collagen synthesis in human lung fibroblasts Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2008; 32(3): 555 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X.-B. Zhou, I. Wulfsen, S. Lutz, E. Utku, U. Sausbier, P. Ruth, T. Wieland, and M. Korth M2 Muscarinic Receptors Induce Airway Smooth Muscle Activation via a Dual, G{beta}{gamma}-mediated Inhibition of Large Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channel Activity J. Biol. Chem., July 25, 2008; 283(30): 21036 - 21044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Da Silva, C. E. Herron, K. Stevens, C. A. B. Jollimore, S. Barnes, and M. E. M. Kelly Metabotropic Receptor-Activated Calcium Increases and Store-Operated Calcium Influx in Mouse Muller Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 3065 - 3073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Salah-Uddin, D. R. Thomas, C. H. Davies, J. J. Hagan, M. D. Wood, J. M. Watson, and R. A. J. Challiss Pharmacological Assessment of M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Gq/11 Protein Coupling in Membranes Prepared from Postmortem Human Brain Tissue J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2008; 325(3): 869 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Hashimoto, K. Morisawa, H. Saito, E. Jojima, N. Yoshida, and T. Haga Muscarinic M4 Receptor Recycling Requires a Motif in the Third Intracellular Loop J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2008; 325(3): 947 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Braverman, R. J. Tallarida, and M. R. Ruggieri Sr. The Use of Occupation Isoboles for Analysis of a Response Mediated by Two Receptors: M2 and M3 Muscarinic Receptor Subtype-Induced Mouse Stomach Contractions J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2008; 325(3): 954 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B Gonzalez-Garcia, M. Olave, E Ramos-Martinez, C Gonzalez-Horta, M Levario-Carrillo, and B Sanchez-Ramirez Decrease of muscarinic cholinergic receptors expression in placenta from rats exposed to methyl parathion Human and Experimental Toxicology, March 1, 2008; 27(3): 241 - 246. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H.-M. Zhang, H.-Y. Zhou, S.-R. Chen, D. Gautam, J. Wess, and H.-L. Pan Control of Glycinergic Input to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons by Distinct Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes Revealed Using Knockout Mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2007; 323(3): 963 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. R. Sullivan, L. Leventhal, J. Harrison, V. A. Smith, T. A. Cummons, T. B. Spangler, S.-C. Sun, P. Lu, A. J. Uveges, B. W. Strassle, et al. Pharmacological Characterization of the Muscarinic Agonist (3R,4R)-3-(3-Hexylsulfanyl-pyrazin-2-yloxy)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (WAY-132983) in in Vitro and in Vivo Models of Chronic Pain J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2007; 322(3): 1294 - 1304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. W. Smetana, S. Alford, and R. Dubuc Muscarinic Receptor Activation Elicits Sustained, Recurring Depolarizations in Reticulospinal Neurons J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2007; 97(5): 3181 - 3192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Padley, N. N. Kumar, Q. Li, T. B.V. Nguyen, P. M. Pilowsky, and A. K. Goodchild Central Command Regulation of Circulatory Function Mediated by Descending Pontine Cholinergic Inputs to Sympathoexcitatory Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Neurons Circ. Res., February 2, 2007; 100(2): 284 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-M. Zhang, S.-R. Chen, and H.-L. Pan Regulation of Glutamate Release From Primary Afferents and Interneurons in the Spinal Cord by Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2007; 97(1): 102 - 109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Takeuchi, K. Tanaka, H. Nakajima, M. Matsui, and Y.-T. Azuma M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors are involved in enteric nerve-mediated contraction of the mouse ileum: findings obtained with muscarinic-receptor knockout mouse Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): G154 - G164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Matthiesen, A. Bahulayan, S. Kempkens, S. Haag, M. Fuhrmann, C. Stichnote, U. R. Juergens, and K. Racke Muscarinic Receptors Mediate Stimulation of Human Lung Fibroblast Proliferation Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2006; 35(6): 621 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Fabiyi and A. F. Brading The Use of the Isolated Mouse Whole Bladder for Investigating Bladder Overactivity J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2006; 319(3): 1386 - 1394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. E. Lim and P. L. Brubaker Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Secretion by the L-Cell: The View From Within Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S70 - S77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kaneko, H. Okano, and K. Sawamoto Role of the cholinergic system in regulating survival of newborn neurons in the adult mouse dentate gyrus and olfactory bulb. Genes Cells, October 1, 2006; 11(10): 1145 - 1159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. B. Proctor Muscarinic receptors and salivary secretion J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2006; 100(4): 1103 - 1104. [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Tobin, A. T. Ryberg, S. Gentle, and A. V. Edwards Distribution and function of muscarinic receptor subtypes in the ovine submandibular gland J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2006; 100(4): 1215 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. C. Allen, J. M. Hartney, T. M. Coffman, R. B. Penn, J. Wess, and B. H. Koller Thromboxane A2 induces airway constriction through an M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent mechanism Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): L526 - L533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-M. Zhang, S.-R. Chen, M. Matsui, D. Gautam, J. Wess, and H.-L. Pan Opposing Functions of Spinal M2, M3, and M4 Receptor Subtypes in Regulation of GABAergic Inputs to Dorsal Horn Neurons Revealed by Muscarinic Receptor Knockout Mice Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 2006; 69(3): 1048 - 1055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X.-L. Wang, H.-M. Zhang, D.-P. Li, S.-R. Chen, and H.-L. Pan Dynamic regulation of glycinergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurones by muscarinic receptor subtypes in rats J. Physiol., March 1, 2006; 571(2): 403 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. G.J. Allen, F. C. Abogadie, and D. A. Brown Simultaneous Release of Glutamate and Acetylcholine from Single Magnocellular "Cholinergic" Basal Forebrain Neurons J. Neurosci., February 1, 2006; 26(5): 1588 - 1595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Braverman, L. R. Doumanian, and M. R. Ruggieri Sr M2 and M3 Muscarinic Receptor Activation of Urinary Bladder Contractile Signal Transduction. II. Denervated Rat Bladder J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2006; 316(2): 875 - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Langmead, V. A. H. Fry, I. T. Forbes, C. L. Branch, A. Christopoulos, M. D. Wood, and H. J. Herdon Probing the Molecular Mechanism of Interaction between 4-n-Butyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-piperidine (AC-42) and the Muscarinic M1 Receptor: Direct Pharmacological Evidence That AC-42 Is an Allosteric Agonist Mol. Pharmacol., January 1, 2006; 69(1): 236 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. R. Leifert, A. L. Aloia, O. Bucco, R. V. Glatz, and E. J. McMurchie G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Drug Discovery: Nanosizing Using Cell-Free Technologies and Molecular Biology Approaches J Biomol Screen, December 1, 2005; 10(8): 765 - 779. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Wess Allosteric Binding Sites on Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2005; 68(6): 1506 - 1509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Shinoe, M. Matsui, M. M. Taketo, and T. Manabe Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Physiological Activation of M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Mouse Hippocampus J. Neurosci., November 30, 2005; 25(48): 11194 - 11200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. E. Belmonte Cholinergic Pathways in the Lungs and Anticholinergic Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, November 1, 2005; 2(4): 297 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Xie, C. Drachenberg, M. Yamada, J. Wess, and J.-P. Raufman Cholinergic agonist-induced pepsinogen secretion from murine gastric chief cells is mediated by M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): G521 - G529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kuczewski, E. Aztiria, D. Gautam, J. Wess, and L. Domenici Acetylcholine modulates cortical synaptic transmission via different muscarinic receptors, as studied with receptor knockout mice J. Physiol., August 1, 2005; 566(3): 907 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gautam, S.-J. Han, T. S. Heard, Y. Cui, G. Miller, L. Bloodworth, and J. Wess Cholinergic Stimulation of Amylase Secretion from Pancreatic Acinar Cells Studied with Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Mutant Mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2005; 313(3): 995 - 1002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Aihara, Y. Nakamura, M. M. Taketo, M. Matsui, and S. Okabe Cholinergically stimulated gastric acid secretion is mediated by M3 and M5 but not M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mice Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): G1199 - G1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Perez-Rosello, A. Figueroa, H. Salgado, C. Vilchis, F. Tecuapetla, J. N. Guzman, E. Galarraga, and J. Bargas Cholinergic Control of Firing Pattern and Neurotransmission in Rat Neostriatal Projection Neurons: Role of CaV2.1 and CaV2.2 Ca2+ Channels J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2005; 93(5): 2507 - 2519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-M. Zhang, D.-P. Li, S.-R. Chen, and H.-L. Pan M2, M3, and M4 Receptor Subtypes Contribute to Muscarinic Potentiation of GABAergic Inputs to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2005; 313(2): 697 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-R. Chen, J. Wess, and H.-L. Pan Functional Activity of the M2 and M4 Receptor Subtypes in the Spinal Cord Studied with Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Knockout Mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2005; 313(2): 765 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Abdulnour-Nakhoul, N. L. Nakhoul, S. A. Wheeler, P. Wang, E. R. Swenson, and R. C. Orlando HCO3- secretion in the esophageal submucosal glands Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): G736 - G744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Seyedi, C. J. Mackins, T. Machida, A. C. Reid, R. B. Silver, and R. Levi Histamine H3-Receptor-Induced Attenuation of Norepinephrine Exocytosis: A Decreased Protein Kinase A Activity Mediates a Reduction in Intracellular Calcium J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2005; 312(1): 272 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-E. Andersson and A. J. Wein Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Basis for Current and Future Treatments of Urinary Incontinence Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2004; 56(4): 581 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Heacock, D. Kerley, G. T. Gurda, A. T. VanTroostenberghe, and S. K. Fisher Potentiation of the Osmosensitive Release of Taurine and D-Aspartate from SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells after Activation of M3 Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2004; 311(3): 1097 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Seeger, I. Fedorova, F. Zheng, T. Miyakawa, E. Koustova, J. Gomeza, A. S. Basile, C. Alzheimer, and J. Wess M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Knock-Out Mice Show Deficits in Behavioral Flexibility, Working Memory, and Hippocampal Plasticity J. Neurosci., November 10, 2004; 24(45): 10117 - 10127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Ostrin, L. J. Frishman, and A. Glasser Effects of Pirenzepine on Pupil Size and Accommodation in Rhesus Monkeys Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2004; 45(10): 3620 - 3628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hirota, R. Fukuda, S. Takabuchi, S. Kizaka-Kondoh, T. Adachi, K. Fukuda, and G. L. Semenza Induction of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Activity by Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling J. Biol. Chem., October 1, 2004; 279(40): 41521 - 41528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. P. Nelson, P. Gupta, C. M. Napier, S. R. Nahorski, and R. A. J. Challiss Functional Selectivity of Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists for Inhibition of M3-Mediated Phosphoinositide Responses in Guinea Pig Urinary Bladder and Submandibular Salivary Gland J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2004; 310(3): 1255 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gautam, T. S. Heard, Y. Cui, G. Miller, L. Bloodworth, and J. Wess Cholinergic Stimulation of Salivary Secretion Studied with M1 and M3 Muscarinic Receptor Single- and Double-Knockout Mice Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2004; 66(2): 260 - 267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Nakamura, M. Matsui, K. Uchida, A. Futatsugi, S. Kusakawa, N. Matsumoto, K. Nakamura, T. Manabe, M. M. Taketo, and K. Mikoshiba M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor plays a critical role in parasympathetic control of salivation in mice J. Physiol., July 15, 2004; 558(2): 561 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-E. Andersson and A. Arner Urinary Bladder Contraction and Relaxation: Physiology and Pathophysiology Physiol Rev, July 1, 2004; 84(3): 935 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Duttaroy, C. L. Zimliki, D. Gautam, Y. Cui, D. Mears, and J. Wess Muscarinic Stimulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Release Is Abolished in M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1714 - 1720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. G. Lamping, J. Wess, Y. Cui, D. W. Nuno, and F. M. Faraci Muscarinic (M) Receptors in Coronary Circulation: Gene-Targeted Mice Define the Role of M2 and M3 Receptors in Response to Acetylcholine Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2004; 24(7): 1253 - 1258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S-M Saw, K-S Chia, J M Lindstrom, D T H Tan, and R A Stone Childhood myopia and parental smoking Br. J. Ophthalmol., July 1, 2004; 88(7): 934 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Steger and L. Avery The GAR-3 Muscarinic Receptor Cooperates With Calcium Signals to Regulate Muscle Contraction in the Caenorhabditis elegans Pharynx Genetics, June 1, 2004; 167(2): 633 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Schneider, C. Fetscher, S. Krege, and M. C. Michel Signal Transduction Underlying Carbachol-Induced Contraction of Human Urinary Bladder J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2004; 309(3): 1148 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Pontari, A. S. Braverman, and M. R. Ruggieri Sr. The M2 muscarinic receptor mediates in vitro bladder contractions from patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): R874 - R880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Takezawa, C. Schmitz, P. Demeuse, A. M. Scharenberg, R. Penner, and A. Fleig Receptor-mediated regulation of the TRPM7 channel through its endogenous protein kinase domain PNAS, April 20, 2004; 101(16): 6009 - 6014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. L. Kamatchi, R. Franke, C. Lynch III, and J. J. Sando Identification of Sites Responsible for Potentiation of Type 2.3 Calcium Currents by Acetyl-{beta}-methylcholine J. Biol. Chem., February 6, 2004; 279(6): 4102 - 4109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Schneider, P. Hein, and M. C. Michel Signal Transduction Underlying Carbachol-Induced Contraction of Rat Urinary Bladder. I. Phospholipases and Ca2+ Sources J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2004; 308(1): 47 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. G Lechner, M. Mayer, and S. Boehm Activation of M1 muscarinic receptors triggers transmitter release from rat sympathetic neurons through an inhibition of M-type K+ channels J. Physiol., December 15, 2003; 553(3): 789 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Struckmann, S. Schwering, S. Wiegand, A. Gschnell, M. Yamada, W. Kummer, J. Wess, and R. V. Haberberger Role of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in the Constriction of Peripheral Airways: Studies on Receptor-Deficient Mice Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2003; 64(6): 1444 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Beker, M. Weber, R. H. A. Fink, and D. J. Adams Muscarinic and Nicotinic ACh Receptor Activation Differentially Mobilize Ca2+ in Rat Intracardiac Ganglion Neurons J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2003; 90(3): 1956 - 1964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Braverman and M. R. Ruggieri Sr. Hypertrophy changes the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating bladder contraction from M3 toward M2 Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): R701 - R708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Takayasu, M. Iino, N. Furuya, and S. Ozawa Muscarine-Induced Increase in Frequency of Spontaneous EPSCs in Purkinje Cells in the Vestibulo-Cerebellum of the Rat J. Neurosci., July 16, 2003; 23(15): 6200 - 6208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Hayashi, T. Suzuki, T. Yamamoto, and Y. Suzuki Cholinergic inhibition of electrogenic sodium absorption in the guinea pig distal colon Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): G617 - G628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F.-M. Zhou, C. Wilson, and J. A. Dani Muscarinic and Nicotinic Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Mesostriatal Dopamine Systems Neuroscientist, February 1, 2003; 9(1): 23 - 36. [Abstract] [PDF]

				T. W. Kim, S. D. Koh, T. Ordog, S. M Ward, and K. M Sanders Muscarinic regulation of pacemaker frequency in murine gastric interstitial cells of Cajal J. Physiol., January 15, 2003; 546(2): 415 - 425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Matsui, D. Motomura, T. Fujikawa, J. Jiang, S.-i. Takahashi, T. Manabe, and M. M. Taketo Mice Lacking M2 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Devoid of Cholinergic Smooth Muscle Contractions But Still Viable J. Neurosci., December 15, 2002; 22(24): 10627 - 10632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Douglas, H. A. Baghdoyan, and R. Lydic Postsynaptic Muscarinic M1 Receptors Activate Prefrontal Cortical EEG of C57BL/6J Mouse J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 3003 - 3009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Zhang and R. A. Warren Muscarinic and Nicotinic Presynaptic Modulation of EPSCs in the Nucleus Accumbens During Postnatal Development J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 3315 - 3330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Kim, M. Isokawa, C. Ledent, and B. E. Alger Activation of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Enhances the Release of Endogenous Cannabinoids in the Hippocampus J. Neurosci., December 1, 2002; 22(23): 10182 - 10191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Lazareno, A. Popham, and N. J. M. Birdsall Analogs of WIN 62,577 Define a Second Allosteric Site on Muscarinic Receptors Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2002; 62(6): 1492 - 1505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Basile, I. Fedorova, A. Zapata, X. Liu, T. Shippenberg, A. Duttaroy, M. Yamada, and J. Wess Deletion of the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor attenuates morphine reinforcement and withdrawal but not morphine analgesia PNAS, August 20, 2002; 99(17): 11452 - 11457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Cho, J.-Y. Hwang, D. Kim, H.-S. Shin, Y. Kim, Y. E. Earm, and W.-K. Ho Acetylcholine-induced Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Depletion Does Not Cause Short-term Desensitization of G Protein-gated Inwardly Rectifying K+ Current in Mouse Atrial Myocytes J. Biol. Chem., July 26, 2002; 277(31): 27742 - 27747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Wang, M. Liu, B. Mullah, D. P. Siderovski, and R. R. Neubig Receptor-selective Effects of Endogenous RGS3 and RGS5 to Regulate Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., July 5, 2002; 277(28): 24949 - 24958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Kotsias Scopolamine and the Murder of King Hamlet Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, July 1, 2002; 128(7): 847 - 849. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Ogura Acetylcholine Increases Intracellular Ca2+ in Taste Cells Via Activation of Muscarinic Receptors J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2643 - 2649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Douglas, H. A. Baghdoyan, and R. Lydic Prefrontal Cortex Acetylcholine Release, EEG Slow Waves, and Spindles Are Modulated by M2 Autoreceptors in C57BL/6J Mouse J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2817 - 2822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Jakubik, S. Tucek, and E. E. El-Fakahany Allosteric Modulation by Persistent Binding of Xanomeline of the Interaction of Competitive Ligands with the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2002; 301(3): 1033 - 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. A. Janssen and J. F. M. Smits Autonomic control of blood pressure in mice: basic physiology and effects of genetic modification Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): R1545 - R1564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Bernardini, C. Roza, S. K. Sauer, J. Gomeza, J. Wess, and P. W. Reeh Muscarinic M2 Receptors on Peripheral Nerve Endings: A Molecular Target of Antinociception J. Neurosci., May 31, 2002; (2002) 20026476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Cukras, I. Jeliazkova, and C. G. Nichols Structural and Functional Determinants of Conserved Lipid Interaction Domains of Inward Rectifying Kir6.2 Channels J. Gen. Physiol., May 28, 2002; 119(6): 581 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N. Hardouin, K. N. Richmond, A. Zimmerman, S. E. Hamilton, E. O. Feigl, and N. M. Nathanson Altered Cardiovascular Responses in Mice Lacking the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2002; 301(1): 129 - 137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Ford, A. Essex, T. A. Spalding, E. S. Burstein, and J. Ellis Homologous Mutations Near the Junction of the Sixth Transmembrane Domain and the Third Extracellular Loop Lead to Constitutive Activity and Enhanced Agonist Affinity at all Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2002; 300(3): 810 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Boehm and H. Kubista Fine Tuning of Sympathetic Transmitter Release via Ionotropic and Metabotropic Presynaptic Receptors Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2002; 54(1): 43 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Douglas, H. A. Baghdoyan, and R. Lydic M2 Muscarinic Autoreceptors Modulate Acetylcholine Release in Prefrontal Cortex of C57BL/6J Mouse J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2001; 299(3): 960 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Lai, X. M. Shao, R. W. Pan, E. Dy, C. H. Huang, and J. L. Feldman RT-PCR reveals muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in the pre-Botzinger complex Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): L1420 - L1424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Yamada, K. G. Lamping, A. Duttaroy, W. Zhang, Y. Cui, F. P. Bymaster, D. L. McKinzie, C. C. Felder, C.-X. Deng, F. M. Faraci, et al. Cholinergic dilation of cerebral blood vessels is abolished in M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice PNAS, November 9, 2001; (2001) 251542998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. O. R. Borges, M. L. C. Abreu, C. S. Porto, and M. C. W. Avellar Characterization of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Rat Sertoli Cells Endocrinology, November 1, 2001; 142(11): 4701 - 4710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. M. Nascimento, L. Salle, J. Hoebeke, J. Argibay, and N. Peineau cGMP-mediated inhibition of cardiac L-type Ca2+ current by a monoclonal antibody against the M2 ACh receptor Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): C1251 - C1258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Marostica, E. F. Guaze, M. C. W. Avellar, and C. S. Porto Characterization of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Rat Epididymis Biol Reprod, October 1, 2001; 65(4): 1120 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Seeger and C. Alzheimer Muscarinic activation of inwardly rectifying K+ conductance reduces EPSPs in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells J. Physiol., September 1, 2001; 535(2): 383 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L Leaney, L. V Dekker, and A. Tinker Regulation of a G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel by a Ca2+-independent protein kinase C J. Physiol., July 15, 2001; 534(2): 367 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-H. Xu, E. Honda, K. Ono, and K. Inenaga Muscarinic modulation of GABAergic transmission to neurons in the rat subfornical organ Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): R1657 - R1664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]