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Vol. 51, Issue 1, 7-62, March 1999

The Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels

Raymond Dingledine1, Karin Borges, Derek Bowie and Stephen F. Traynelis

Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia

I. Introduction
II. Gene Families
III. Receptor Structure
    A. Transmembrane Topology
    B. Subunit Stoichiometry
    C. Ligand-Binding Sites Located in a Hinged Clamshell-like Gorge
IV. RNA Modifications That Promote Molecular Diversity
    A. Alternative Splicing
    B. Editing of AMPA and Kainate Receptors
V. Post-translational Modifications
    A. Phosphorylation of AMPA and Kainate Receptors
    B. Serine/Threonine Phosphorylation of NMDA Receptors
    C. Tyrosine Phosphorylation of NMDA Receptors
    D. Glycosylation, Proteolysis, and Covalently Bound Lipids
VI. Receptor Activation and Desensitization
    A. Agonists
    B. Competitive Antagonists: New Developments
    C. Noncompetitive Antagonists
    D. Uncompetitive Blockers
    E. Antagonists with Unknown Mechanism
    F. Glutamate Receptor Kinetics
    G. Molecular Determinants of AMPA Receptor Deactivation and Desensitization
    H. Molecular Determinants of Kainate Receptor Deactivation and Desensitization
    I. Molecular Determinants of NMDA Receptor Deactivation and Desensitization
VII. Endogenous Allosteric Modulators
    A. Extracellular Zinc
    B. Reduction and Oxidation of Extracellular Cysteine Residues
    C. Extracellular Protons
    D. Extracellular Polyamines
VIII. Molecular Determinants of Ion Permeation
    A. Pore Diameter
    B. Unitary Sublevel Conductances
    C. Ionic Selectivity
IX. Molecular Determinants of Channel Block
    A. External Mg2+ Block of NMDA Receptors
    B. Internal Mg2+ Block of NMDA Receptors
    C. Internal Polyamine Block of AMPA and Kainate Receptors
X. Molecular Composition of the Pore
    A. Outer Vestibules
    B. Narrow Constriction and Selectivity Filter
XI. Association of Glutamate Receptors with Intracellular Proteins
    A. AMPA Receptors
    B. NMDA Receptors: Signaling Molecules and Proteins Lacking PDZ Domains
    C. NMDA Receptors: PDZ Domain-Containing Proteins
    D. Kainate Receptors
XII. Genetic Regulation of Receptor Expression
    A. Transcriptional Control
    B. Translational Control
XIII. Therapeutic Potential: Clinical Trials
    A. Ischemic Stroke
    B. Neuropathic Pain
    C. Parkinson's Disease
    D. Cognitive Enhancement
XIV. Outlook
Acknowledgments
References


1   Address for correspondence: Raymond Dingledine, Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail: rdingledine{at}pharm.emory.edu


0031-6997/99/5101-0007$03.00/0
PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Copyright © 1999 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics



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Cereb CortexHome page
G. Gonzalez-Burgos, S. Kroener, A. V. Zaitsev, N. V. Povysheva, L. S. Krimer, G. Barrionuevo, and D. A. Lewis
Functional Maturation of Excitatory Synapses in Layer 3 Pyramidal Neurons during Postnatal Development of the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2008; 18(3): 626 - 637.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
B. P. Head, H. H. Patel, Y. M. Tsutsumi, Y. Hu, T. Mejia, R. C. Mora, P. A. Insel, D. M. Roth, J. C. Drummond, and P. M. Patel
Caveolin-1 expression is essential for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated Src and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and protection of primary neurons from ischemic cell death
FASEB J, March 1, 2008; 22(3): 828 - 840.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
D. J. Brasier and D. E. Feldman
Synapse-Specific Expression of Functional Presynaptic NMDA Receptors in Rat Somatosensory Cortex
J. Neurosci., February 27, 2008; 28(9): 2199 - 2211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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NeurologyHome page
S. Niemann, J. E. Landers, M. J. Churchill, B. Hosler, P. Sapp, W. C. Speed, B. T. Lahn, K. K. Kidd, R. H. Brown Jr, and Y. Hayashi
Motoneuron-specific NR3B gene: No association with ALS and evidence for a common null allele
Neurology, February 26, 2008; 70(9): 666 - 676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
H.-R. Chang and C.-C. Kuo
The Activation Gate and Gating Mechanism of the NMDA Receptor
J. Neurosci., February 13, 2008; 28(7): 1546 - 1556.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
D. D. Mott, M. Benveniste, and R. J. Dingledine
pH-Dependent Inhibition of Kainate Receptors by Zinc
J. Neurosci., February 13, 2008; 28(7): 1659 - 1671.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. H. Huang, Y. Lin, T. E. Brown, M.-H. Han, D. B. Saal, R. L. Neve, R. S. Zukin, B. A. Sorg, E. J. Nestler, R. C. Malenka, et al.
CREB Modulates the Functional Output of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons: A CRITICAL ROLE OF N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR (NMDAR) RECEPTORS
J. Biol. Chem., February 1, 2008; 283(5): 2751 - 2760.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
K. Erreger and S. F. Traynelis
Zinc inhibition of rat NR1/NR2A N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
J. Physiol., February 1, 2008; 586(3): 763 - 778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Plant Physiol.Home page
N. R. Stephens, Z. Qi, and E. P. Spalding
Glutamate Receptor Subtypes Evidenced by Differences in Desensitization and Dependence on the GLR3.3 and GLR3.4 Genes
Plant Physiology, February 1, 2008; 146(2): 529 - 538.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
W. Zhang, Y. Cho, E. Lolis, and J. R. Howe
Structural and Single-Channel Results Indicate That the Rates of Ligand Binding Domain Closing and Opening Directly Impact AMPA Receptor Gating
J. Neurosci., January 23, 2008; 28(4): 932 - 943.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. Panicker, K. Brown, and R. A. Nicoll
Synaptic AMPA receptor subunit trafficking is independent of the C terminus in the GluR2-lacking mouse
PNAS, January 22, 2008; 105(3): 1032 - 1037.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
V. Biou, S. Bhattacharyya, and R. C. Malenka
Endocytosis and recycling of AMPA receptors lacking GluR2/3
PNAS, January 22, 2008; 105(3): 1038 - 1043.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
K. S. Vikman, B. K. Rycroft, and M. J. Christie
Switch to Ca2+-permeable AMPA and reduced NR2B NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission at dorsal horn nociceptive synapses during inflammatory pain in the rat
J. Physiol., January 15, 2008; 586(2): 515 - 527.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Zhang, L. Edelmann, J. Liu, J. E. Crandall, and M. A. Morabito
Cdk5 Regulates the Phosphorylation of Tyrosine 1472 NR2B and the Surface Expression of NMDA Receptors
J. Neurosci., January 9, 2008; 28(2): 415 - 424.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
G. Tong, H. Takahashi, S. Tu, Y. Shin, M. Talantova, W. Zago, P. Xia, Z. Nie, T. Goetz, D. Zhang, et al.
Modulation of NMDA Receptor Properties and Synaptic Transmission by the NR3A Subunit in Mouse Hippocampal and Cerebrocortical Neurons
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2008; 99(1): 122 - 132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
D. C. Wrighton, E. J. Baker, P. E. Chen, and D. J. A. Wyllie
Mg2+ and memantine block of rat recombinant NMDA receptors containing chimeric NR2A/2D subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes
J. Physiol., January 1, 2008; 586(1): 211 - 225.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
P. E. Chen, M. T. Geballe, E. Katz, K. Erreger, M. R. Livesey, K. K. O'Toole, P. Le, C. J. Lee, J. P. Snyder, S. F. Traynelis, et al.
Modulation of glycine potency in rat recombinant NMDA receptors containing chimeric NR2A/2D subunits expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes
J. Physiol., January 1, 2008; 586(1): 227 - 245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
A. J. Milnerwood and L. A. Raymond
Corticostriatal synaptic function in mouse models of Huntington's disease: early effects of huntingtin repeat length and protein load
J. Physiol., December 15, 2007; 585(3): 817 - 831.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
D.-T. Lin and R. L. Huganir
PICK1 and Phosphorylation of the Glutamate Receptor 2 (GluR2) AMPA Receptor Subunit Regulates GluR2 Recycling after NMDA Receptor-Induced Internalization
J. Neurosci., December 12, 2007; 27(50): 13903 - 13908.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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NeuroscientistHome page
C. Villmann and C.-M. Becker
On the Hypes and Falls in Neuroprotection: Targeting the NMDA Receptor
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2007; 13(6): 594 - 615.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
C. Madry, I. Mesic, H. Betz, and B. Laube
The N-Terminal Domains of both NR1 and NR2 Subunits Determine Allosteric Zn2+ Inhibition and Glycine Affinity of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2007; 72(6): 1535 - 1544.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
M. Renzi, M. Farrant, and S. G. Cull-Candy
Climbing-fibre activation of NMDA receptors in Purkinje cells of adult mice
J. Physiol., November 15, 2007; 585(1): 91 - 101.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
P. M. Paez, V. Spreuer, V. Handley, J.-M. Feng, C. Campagnoni, and A. T. Campagnoni
Increased Expression of Golli Myelin Basic Proteins Enhances Calcium Influx into Oligodendroglial Cells
J. Neurosci., November 14, 2007; 27(46): 12690 - 12699.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
Y. Xia, S. Nawy, and R. C. Carroll
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Retinal Ganglion Cells
J. Neurosci., November 7, 2007; 27(45): 12221 - 12229.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. T.-W. Ho, K. A. Pelkey, L. Topolnik, R. S. Petralia, K. Takamiya, J. Xia, R. L. Huganir, J.-C. Lacaille, and C. J. McBain
Developmental Expression of Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Underlies Depolarization-Induced Long-Term Depression at Mossy Fiber CA3 Pyramid Synapses
J. Neurosci., October 24, 2007; 27(43): 11651 - 11662.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Piochon, T. Irinopoulou, D. Brusciano, Y. Bailly, J. Mariani, and C. Levenes
NMDA Receptor Contribution to the Climbing Fiber Response in the Adult Mouse Purkinje Cell
J. Neurosci., October 3, 2007; 27(40): 10797 - 10809.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Bull.Home page
D. Hatakeyama, H. Aonuma, E. Ito, and K. Elekes
Localization of Glutamate-like Immunoreactive Neurons in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System of the Adult and Developing Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis
Biol. Bull., October 1, 2007; 213(2): 172 - 186.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
K. Erreger, M. T. Geballe, A. Kristensen, P. E. Chen, K. B. Hansen, C. J. Lee, H. Yuan, P. Le, P. N. Lyuboslavsky, N. Micale, et al.
Subunit-Specific Agonist Activity at NR2A-, NR2B-, NR2C-, and NR2D-Containing N-Methyl-D-aspartate Glutamate Receptors
Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2007; 72(4): 907 - 920.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. Limon, J. M. Reyes-Ruiz, F. Eusebi, and R. Miledi
Properties of GluR3 receptors tagged with GFP at the amino or carboxyl terminus
PNAS, September 25, 2007; 104(39): 15526 - 15530.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. J. Laster, Y. Zhang, E. I. Eger II, D. Shnayderman, and J. M. Sonner
Alterations in Spinal, but Not Cerebral, Cerebrospinal Fluid Na+ Concentrations Affect the Isoflurane Minimum Alveolar Concentration in Rats
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2007; 105(3): 661 - 665.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Hald, P. Naur, D. S. Pickering, D. Sprogoe, U. Madsen, D. B. Timmermann, P. K. Ahring, T. Liljefors, A. Schousboe, J. Egebjerg, et al.
Partial Agonism and Antagonism of the Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor iGLuR5: STRUCTURES OF THE LIGAND-BINDING CORE IN COMPLEX WITH DOMOIC ACID AND 2-AMINO-3-[5-tert-BUTYL-3-(PHOSPHONOMETHOXY)-4-ISOXAZOLYL]PROPIONIC ACID
J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2007; 282(35): 25726 - 25736.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. T. Atlason, M. L. Garside, E. Meddows, P. Whiting, and R. A. J. McIlhinney
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Subunit NR1 Forms the Substrate for Oligomeric Assembly of the NMDA Receptor
J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2007; 282(35): 25299 - 25307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
T. Chernova, J. R. Steinert, C. J. Guerin, P. Nicotera, I. D. Forsythe, and A. G. Smith
Neurite Degeneration Induced by Heme Deficiency Mediated via Inhibition of NMDA Receptor-Dependent Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Activation
J. Neurosci., August 8, 2007; 27(32): 8475 - 8485.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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