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Vol. 53, Issue 1, 1-24, March 2001

Evolving Concepts in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis: The Role in Receptor Desensitization and Signaling

Stephen S. G. Ferguson1

The John P. Robarts Research Institute and Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

I. Introduction
II. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Desensitization
    A. Protein Kinase Phosphorylation
        1. Second Messenger-Dependent Protein Kinases.
        2. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases.
            a. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Family.
            b. Targeting and Regulation.
            c. Site of Action.
        3. Other Kinases.
    B. The Arrestins
        1. The Arrestin Family.
        2. Receptor Binding.
III. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Internalization
    A. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis
        1. Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase and beta -Arrestin Proteins.
        2. Clathrin and beta -Adaptin Interactions.
        3. beta -Arrestin Regulation.
        4. Alternative G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytic Pathways.
        5. Receptor Determinants for Endocytosis.
    B. Biological Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Internalization
        1. Endocytosis and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Desensitization.
        2. Endocytosis and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Resensitization.
        3. Endocytosis and G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling.
IV. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane proteins that form the largest single family of integral membrane receptors. GPCRs transduce information provided by extracellular stimuli into intracellular second messengers via their coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins and the subsequent regulation of a diverse variety of effector systems. Agonist activation of GPCRs also initiates processes that are involved in the feedback desensitization of GPCR responsiveness, the internalization of GPCRs, and the coupling of GPCRs to heterotrimeric G protein-independent signal transduction pathways. GPCR desensitization occurs as a consequence of G protein uncoupling in response to phosphorylation by both second messenger-dependent protein kinases and G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation promotes the binding of beta -arrestins, which not only uncouple receptors from heterotrimeric G proteins but also target many GPCRs for internalization in clathrin-coated vesicles. beta -Arrestin-dependent endocytosis of GPCRs involves the direct interaction of the carboxyl-terminal tail domain of beta -arrestins with both beta -adaptin and clathrin. The focus of this review is the current and evolving understanding of the contribution of GRKs, beta -arrestins, and endocytosis to GPCR-specific patterns of desensitization and resensitization. In addition to their role as GPCR-specific endocytic adaptor proteins, beta -arrestins also serve as molecular scaffolds that foster the formation of alternative, heterotrimeric G protein-independent signal transduction complexes. Similar to what is observed for GPCR desensitization and resensitization, beta -arrestin-dependent GPCR internalization is involved in the intracellular compartmentalization of these protein complexes.


1 Address for correspondence: Stephen S. G. Ferguson, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 100 Perth Dr., P.O. Box 5015, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8. E-mail: ferguson{at}rri.on.ca


0031-6997/01/5301-0001$03.00/0
PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS
Copyright © 2001 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics



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Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone SystemHome page
J. L Zhuo and X. C Li
Review: Novel roles of intracrine angiotensin II and signalling mechanisms in kidney cells
Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2007; 8(1): 23 - 33.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
E. J. Goetzl
Diverse pathways for nuclear signaling by G protein-coupled receptors and their ligands
FASEB J, March 1, 2007; 21(3): 638 - 642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
C. Andriamampandry, O. Taleb, V. Kemmel, J.-P. Humbert, D. Aunis, and M. Maitre
Cloning and functional characterization of a gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor identified in the human brain
FASEB J, March 1, 2007; 21(3): 885 - 895.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. Pollok-Kopp, F. Huttenrauch, S. Rethorn, and M. Oppermann
Dynamics of Protein Kinase C-mediated Phosphorylation of the Complement C5a Receptor on Serine 334
J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 4345 - 4353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C.-W. Lee, R. Rivera, A. E. Dubin, and J. Chun
LPA4/GPR23 Is a Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) Receptor Utilizing Gs-, Gq/Gi-mediated Calcium Signaling and G12/13-mediated Rho Activation
J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 4310 - 4317.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. L. Sanchez-Laorden, C. Jimenez-Cervantes, and J. C. Garcia-Borron
Regulation of Human Melanocortin 1 Receptor Signaling and Trafficking by Thr-308 and Ser-316 and Its Alteration in Variant Alleles Associated with Red Hair and Skin Cancer
J. Biol. Chem., February 2, 2007; 282(5): 3241 - 3251.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
R. H. Moore, E. E. Millman, V. Godines, N. A. Hanania, T. M. Tran, H. Peng, B. F. Dickey, B. J. Knoll, and R. B. Clark
Salmeterol Stimulation Dissociates beta2-Adrenergic Receptor Phosphorylation and Internalization
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2007; 36(2): 254 - 261.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
S. J. Wilson, J. K. Dowling, L. Zhao, E. Carnish, and E. M. Smyth
Regulation of Thromboxane Receptor Trafficking Through the Prostacyclin Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of Receptor Heterodimerization
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2007; 27(2): 290 - 296.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
J. Enquist, C. Skroder, J. L. Whistler, and L.M. F. Leeb-Lundberg
Kinins Promote B2 Receptor Endocytosis and Delay Constitutive B1 Receptor Endocytosis
Mol. Pharmacol., February 1, 2007; 71(2): 494 - 507.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J.-J. Liao, M.-C. Huang, M. Graler, Y. Huang, H. Qiu, and E. J. Goetzl
Distinctive T Cell-suppressive Signals from Nuclearized Type 1 Sphingosine 1-Phosphate G Protein-coupled Receptors
J. Biol. Chem., January 19, 2007; 282(3): 1964 - 1972.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
S. S. Siddiqui, Z. K. Siddiqui, S. Uddin, R. D. Minshall, and A. B. Malik
p38 MAPK activation coupled to endocytosis is a determinant of endothelial monolayer integrity
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): L114 - L124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
E. McCutchen, C. L. Scheiderer, L. E. Dobrunz, and L. L. McMahon
Coexistence of Muscarinic Long-Term Depression With Electrically Induced Long-Term Potentiation and Depression at CA3-CA1 Synapses
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2006; 96(6): 3114 - 3121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Pharmacol. Rev.Home page
H. W. Tedford and G. W. Zamponi
Direct G Protein Modulation of Cav2 Calcium Channels
Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2006; 58(4): 837 - 862.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
A. Vroon, C. J. Heijnen, and A. Kavelaars
GRKs and arrestins: regulators of migration and inflammation
J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2006; 80(6): 1214 - 1221.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
C. Galet and M. Ascoli
A Constitutively Active Mutant of the Human Lutropin Receptor (hLHR-L457R) Escapes Lysosomal Targeting and Degradation
Mol. Endocrinol., November 1, 2006; 20(11): 2931 - 2945.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Mangmool, T. Haga, H. Kobayashi, K.-M. Kim, H. Nakata, M. Nishida, and H. Kurose
Clathrin Required for Phosphorylation and Internalization of beta2-Adrenergic Receptor by G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2)
J. Biol. Chem., October 20, 2006; 281(42): 31940 - 31949.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
A. Mashukova, M. Spehr, H. Hatt, and E. M. Neuhaus
beta-Arrestin2-Mediated Internalization of Mammalian Odorant Receptors
J. Neurosci., September 27, 2006; 26(39): 9902 - 9912.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
M. T. Drake, S. K. Shenoy, and R. J. Lefkowitz
Trafficking of G Protein-Coupled Receptors
Circ. Res., September 15, 2006; 99(6): 570 - 582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Policha, N. Daneshtalab, L. Chen, L. B. Dale, C. Altier, H. Khosravani, W. G. Thomas, G. W. Zamponi, and S. S. G. Ferguson
Role of Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor Phosphorylation, Phospholipase D, and Extracellular Calcium in Isoform-specific Protein Kinase C Membrane Translocation Responses
J. Biol. Chem., September 8, 2006; 281(36): 26340 - 26349.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
S. L. Brown, V. R. Jala, S. K. Raghuwanshi, M. W. Nasser, B. Haribabu, and R. M. Richardson
Activation and regulation of platelet-activating factor receptor: role of gi and gq in receptor-mediated chemotactic, cytotoxic, and cross-regulatory signals.
J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 3242 - 3249.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
S. J. Mundell, M. L. Jones, A. R. Hardy, J. F. Barton, S. M. Beaucourt, P. B. Conley, and A. W. Poole
Distinct Roles for Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Regulating Platelet Purinergic Receptor Function
Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2006; 70(3): 1132 - 1142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C.-W. Lee, R. Rivera, S. Gardell, A. E. Dubin, and J. Chun
GPR92 as a New G12/13- and Gq-coupled Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor That Increases cAMP, LPA5
J. Biol. Chem., August 18, 2006; 281(33): 23589 - 23597.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
X. C. Li, O. A. Carretero, L. G. Navar, and J. L. Zhuo
AT1 receptor-mediated accumulation of extracellular angiotensin II in proximal tubule cells: role of cytoskeleton microtubules and tyrosine phosphatases
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): F375 - F383.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
N. J. Smith and L. M. Luttrell
Signal Switching, Crosstalk, and Arrestin Scaffolds: Novel G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 173 - 179.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. D. Violin, X.-R. Ren, and R. J. Lefkowitz
G-protein-coupled Receptor Kinase Specificity for beta-Arrestin Recruitment to the beta2-Adrenergic Receptor Revealed by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
J. Biol. Chem., July 21, 2006; 281(29): 20577 - 20588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
F. Jafri, H. M. El-Shewy, M.-H. Lee, M. Kelly, D. K. Luttrell, and L. M. Luttrell
Constitutive ERK1/2 Activation by a Chimeric Neurokinin 1 Receptor-beta-Arrestin1 Fusion Protein: PROBING THE COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF THE G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR "SIGNALSOME"
J. Biol. Chem., July 14, 2006; 281(28): 19346 - 19357.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
B. W. Pickard, A. B. Hodsman, L. J. Fraher, and P. H. Watson
Type 1 Parathyroid Hormone Receptor (PTH1R) Nuclear Trafficking: Association of PTH1R with Importin {alpha}1 and {beta}
Endocrinology, July 1, 2006; 147(7): 3326 - 3332.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
A. Gonzalez-Arenas, B. Aguilar-Maldonado, S. E. Avendano-Vazquez, and J. A. Garcia-Sainz
Estrogens Cross-Talk to {alpha}1b-Adrenergic Receptors
Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 2006; 70(1): 154 - 162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
G. Scherrer, P. Tryoen-Toth, D. Filliol, A. Matifas, D. Laustriat, Y. Q. Cao, A. I. Basbaum, A. Dierich, J.-L. Vonesh, C. Gaveriaux-Ruff, et al.
Knockin mice expressing fluorescent {delta}-opioid receptors uncover G protein-coupled receptor dynamics in vivo
PNAS, June 20, 2006; 103(25): 9691 - 9696.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
R. Schiavo, D. Baatar, P. Olkhanud, F. E. Indig, N. Restifo, D. Taub, and A. Biragyn
Chemokine receptor targeting efficiently directs antigens to MHC class I pathways and elicits antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses
Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4597 - 4605.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
R. Frenzel, C. Voigt, and R. Paschke
The Human Thyrotropin Receptor Is Predominantly Internalized by {beta}-Arrestin 2
Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 3114 - 3122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
N. W. Kin and V. M. Sanders
It takes nerve to tell T and B cells what to do
J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2006; 79(6): 1093 - 1104.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
N. J. D. McLaughlin, A. Banerjee, M. R. Kelher, F. Gamboni-Robertson, C. Hamiel, F. R. Sheppard, E. E. Moore, and C. C. Silliman
Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Requires beta-Arrestin-1 Recruitment and Activation of the p38 MAPK Signalosome at the Plasma Membrane for Actin Bundle Formation.
J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 7039 - 7050.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
M. Dagan-Berger, R. Feniger-Barish, S. Avniel, H. Wald, E. Galun, V. Grabovsky, R. Alon, A. Nagler, A. Ben-Baruch, and A. Peled
Role of CXCR3 carboxyl terminus and third intracellular loop in receptor-mediated migration, adhesion and internalization in response to CXCL11
Blood, May 15, 2006; 107(10): 3821 - 3831.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
Z. Kilianova, N. Basora, P. Kilian, M. D. Payet, and N. Gallo-Payet
Human Melanocortin Receptor 2 Expression and Functionality: Effects of Protein Kinase A and Protein Kinase C on Desensitization and Internalization
Endocrinology, May 1, 2006; 147(5): 2325 - 2337.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
A. M. Navratil, T. A. Farmerie, J. Bogerd, T. M. Nett, and C. M. Clay
Differential Impact of Intracellular Carboxyl Terminal Domains on Lipid Raft Localization of the Murine Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2006; 74(5): 788 - 797.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. A. Yanfeng, C. Tan, R. J. Fagan, and P. S. Klein
Phosphorylation of Frizzled-3
J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 2006; 281(17): 11603 - 11609.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. Gesty-Palmer, M. Chen, E. Reiter, S. Ahn, C. D. Nelson, S. Wang, A. E. Eckhardt, C. L. Cowan, R. F. Spurney, L. M. Luttrell, et al.
Distinct beta-Arrestin- and G Protein-dependent Pathways for Parathyroid Hormone Receptor-stimulated ERK1/2 Activation
J. Biol. Chem., April 21, 2006; 281(16): 10856 - 10864.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Arttamangkul, M. Torrecilla, K. Kobayashi, H. Okano, and J. T. Williams
Separation of {micro}-Opioid Receptor Desensitization and Internalization: Endogenous Receptors in Primary Neuronal Cultures
J. Neurosci., April 12, 2006; 26(15): 4118 - 4125.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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