| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Vol. 54, Issue 1, 43-100, March 2002
Institute of Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
I. Introduction
II. Anatomical and Functional Organization of the Sympathetic
Nervous System
III. Methodological Considerations
IV. Ionotropic Receptors
A. Ionotropic Autoreceptors
1. P2X Nucleotide Receptors.
B. Ionotropic Heteroreceptors
1. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
2. 
-Aminobutyric AcidA
Receptors.
3. Glycine Receptors.
4. Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine3
Receptors.
V. Metabotropic Receptors
A. Metabotropic Autoreceptors
1. 
2-Adrenoceptors.
2. P2Y Nucleotide Receptors.
3. Neuropeptide Y Y2 Receptors.
B. Metabotropic Heteroreceptors
1. 
2-Adrenoceptors.
2. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors.
3. Adenosine A1 and A2
Receptors.
4. Angiotensin II AT1 Receptors.
5. Bradykinin B2 Receptors.
6. Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors.
7. Dopamine Receptors.
8. Endothelin Receptors.
9. -Aminobutyric AcidB Receptors.
10. Histamine H3 Receptors.
11. Imidazoline Receptors.
12. Natriuretic Peptide Receptors.
13. Opioid 
-, 
-, and µ-Receptors.
14. Prostanoid Receptors.
15. Serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine1 Receptors.
16. Somatostatin Receptors.
17. Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary
Adenylyl Cyclase-Activating Peptides.
18. Additional Receptors.
VI. Basic Mechanisms of Vesicular Sympathetic Transmitter Release
A. Ionotropic Mechanisms
B. Metabotropic Mechanisms
VII. Signaling Mechanisms of Presynaptic Ionotropic Receptors
A. Signaling Mechanisms of Ligand-Gated Anion Channels
B. Signaling Mechanisms of Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
VIII. Signaling Mechanisms of Presynaptic Metabotropic Receptors
A. Signaling Mechanisms of Facilitatory Metabotropic Receptors
B. Signaling Mechanisms of Inhibitory Metabotropic Receptors
IX. Interactions between Presynaptic Receptors
A. Examples of Interaction
B. Mechanisms of Interaction
X. Conclusion: Signal Integration in the Sympathetic Varicosity
Acknowledgments
References
The release of transmitters at sympathoeffector junctions is not constant, but subject to modulation by a plethora of different mechanisms. In this respect, presynaptic receptors located on the sympathetic axon terminals are of utmost importance, because they are activated by exogenous agonists and by endogenous neurotransmitters. In the latter case, the transmitters that activate the presynaptic receptors of a nerve terminal may be released either from the very same nerve ending or from a different axon terminal, and the receptors involved are auto- and heteroreceptors, respectively. In terms of their structural and functional features, receptors of sympathetic axon terminals can be categorized as either ionotropic (transmitter-gated ion channels) or metabotropic (most commonly G protein-coupled) receptors. This review summarizes results on more than 30 different metabotropic and four different ionotropic receptors that have been found to control the amount of transmitter being released from sympathetic neurons. Each of these receptors may not only stimulate, facilitate, and reduce sympathetic transmitter release, respectively, but also interact with the functions of other receptors present on the same axonal varicosity. This provides a multitude of mechanisms that regulate the amount of sympathetic transmitter output. Accordingly, a sophisticated cross-talk within and between extra- and intracellular signals is integrated at axon terminals to adapt the strength of sympathoeffector transmission to a given situation. This will not only determine the function of the sympathetic nervous system in health and disease, but also therapeutic and untoward effects of drugs that bind to the presynaptic receptors in sympathetically innervated tissues.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. Hatakeyama, H. Aonuma, E. Ito, and K. Elekes Localization of Glutamate-like Immunoreactive Neurons in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System of the Adult and Developing Pond Snail, Lymnaea stagnalis Biol. Bull., October 1, 2007; 213(2): 172 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Acosta, V. Mendoza, E. Castro, and H. Cruzblanca Modulation of a Delayed-Rectifier K+ Current by Angiotensin II in Rat Sympathetic Neurons J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2007; 98(1): 79 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Schaefer, S. Vorlova, T. Machida, J. P. Melchor, S. Strickland, and R. Levi Modulation of Sympathetic Activity by Tissue Plasminogen Activator Is Independent of Plasminogen and Urokinase J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2007; 322(1): 265 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Li, J. Hu, Z. Chen, J. Meng, H. Wang, X. Ma, and X. Luo Evidence for histamine as a neurotransmitter in the cardiac sympathetic nervous system Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H45 - H51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E. Nicholls, X.-l. Zhang, C. P. Bailey, B. R. Conklin, E. R. Kandel, and P. K. Stanton mGluR2 acts through inhibitory G{alpha} subunits to regulate transmission and long-term plasticity at hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapses PNAS, April 18, 2006; 103(16): 6380 - 6385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Lechner, S. Hussl, K. W. Schicker, H. Drobny, and S. Boehm Presynaptic Inhibition via a Phospholipase C- and Phosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate-Dependent Regulation of Neuronal Ca2+ Channels Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2005; 68(5): 1387 - 1396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Machida, P. M. Heerdt, A. C. Reid, U. Schafer, R. B. Silver, M. J. Broekman, A. J. Marcus, and R. Levi Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase1/CD39, Localized in Neurons of Human and Porcine Heart, Modulates ATP-Induced Norepinephrine Exocytosis J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2005; 313(2): 570 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Smyth, J. Bobalova, M. G. Mendoza, C. Lew, and V. N. Mutafova-Yambolieva Release of {beta}-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide upon Stimulation of Postganglionic Nerve Terminals in Blood Vessels and Urinary Bladder J. Biol. Chem., November 19, 2004; 279(47): 48893 - 48903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Hayashi, A. Hazama, A. K. Dutta, R. Z. Sabirov, and Y. Okada Detecting ATP Release by a Biosensor Method Sci. Signal., November 9, 2004; 2004(258): pl14 - pl14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Papp, T. Balazsa, A. Kofalvi, F. Erdelyi, G. Szabo, E. S. Vizi, and B. Sperlagh P2X Receptor Activation Elicits Transporter-Mediated Noradrenaline Release from Rat Hippocampal Slices J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2004; 310(3): 973 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Ennion, A. D. Powell, and E. P. Seward Identification of the P2Y12 Receptor in Nucleotide Inhibition of Exocytosis from Bovine Chromaffin Cells Mol. Pharmacol., September 1, 2004; 66(3): 601 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Burgdorf, A. Dendorfer, T. Kurz, E. Schomig, I. Stolting, F. Schutte, and G. Richardt Role of Neuronal KATP Channels and Extraneuronal Monoamine Transporter on Norepinephrine Overflow in a Model of Myocardial Low Flow Ischemia J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2004; 309(1): 42 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Kirstein and P. A. Insel Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacogenomics: A Progress Report Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2004; 56(1): 31 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Gomez-Villafuertes, J. Pintor, J. Gualix, and M. T. Miras-Portugal GABA Modulates Presynaptic Signalling Mediated by Dinucleotides on Rat Synaptic Terminals J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2004; 308(3): 1148 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G Lechner, M. Mayer, and S. Boehm Activation of M1 muscarinic receptors triggers transmitter release from rat sympathetic neurons through an inhibition of M-type K+ channels J. Physiol., December 15, 2003; 553(3): 789 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Queiroz, C. Talaia, and J. Goncalves ATP Modulates Noradrenaline Release by Activation of Inhibitory P2Y Receptors and Facilitatory P2X Receptors in the Rat Vas Deferens J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2003; 307(2): 809 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. A. Bany, M.-Q. Dong, and M. R. Koelle Genetic and Cellular Basis for Acetylcholine Inhibition of Caenorhabditis elegans Egg-Laying Behavior J. Neurosci., September 3, 2003; 23(22): 8060 - 8069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sesti, M. Koyama, M. J. Broekman, A. J. Marcus, and R. Levi Ectonucleotidase in Sympathetic Nerve Endings Modulates ATP and Norepinephrine Exocytosis in Myocardial Ischemia J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2003; 306(1): 238 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Scholze, E. Moskvina, M. Mayer, H. Just, H. Kubista, and S. Boehm Sympathoexcitation by Bradykinin Involves Ca2+-Independent Protein Kinase C J. Neurosci., July 15, 2002; 22(14): 5823 - 5832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
 |
