| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Article |
The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (D.L.S.); The William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and William and Mary Medical College, London, England (R.M.B.); and Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut (T.H.)
Abstract
Abstract I. Cyclooxygenase Isozymes A. Prostaglandins and Cyclooxygenase B. Early Evidence for Multiple Cyclooxygenases C. Studies of Cell Division and the Discovery of Cyclooxygenase-2 D. Structure of Cyclooxygenase-1 and Cyclooxygenase-2 E. Post-Translational Modification of Cyclooxygenases F. Variants of Cyclooxygenase Isoenzymes G. Cyclooxygenase Activation by Endogenous Compounds H. Enzyme Autoinactivation I. Synthetic Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors—Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs J. Modulation of Cyclooxygenase and Peroxidase Activity II. Pharmacological Actions of Cyclooxygenase Isozyme-Generated Prostanoids A. Prostaglandin Receptors B. Inflammation C. Pain D. Fever E. Immune System F. Gastrointestinal Tract G. Cardiovascular System H. Kidney I. Lungs J. Reproduction K. Brain and Spinal Cord III. Regulation of Expression of Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 IV. Cyclooxygenase Isozymes in Human Disease A. Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases B. Neoplastic Disease C. Alzheimer's Disease V. Cyclooxygenase Isozymes and the Future
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent one of the most highly utilized classes of pharmaceutical agents in medicine. All NSAIDs act through inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, a catalytic activity possessed by two distinct cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes encoded by separate genes. The discovery of COX-2 launched a new era in NSAID pharmacology, resulting in the synthesis, marketing, and widespread use of COX-2 selective drugs. These pharmaceutical agents have quickly become established as important therapeutic medications with potentially fewer side effects than traditional NSAIDs. Additionally, characterization of the two COX isozymes is allowing the discrimination of the roles each play in physiological processes such as homeostatic maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract, renal function, blood clotting, embryonic implantation, parturition, pain, and fever. Of particular importance has been the investigation of COX-1 and -2 isozymic functions in cancer, dysregulation of inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. More recently, additional heterogeneity in COX-related proteins has been described, with the finding of variants of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. These variants may function in tissue-specific physiological and pathophysiological processes and may represent important new targets for drug therapy.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Y. C. Ruan, Z. Wang, J. Y. Du, W. L. Zuo, J. H. Guo, J. Zhang, Z. L. Wu, H. Y. Wong, Y. W. Chung, H. C. Chan, et al. Regulation of smooth muscle contractility by the epithelium in rat vas deferens: role of ATP-induced release of PGE2 J. Physiol., October 15, 2008; 586(20): 4843 - 4857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. N. Shashkin, G. T. Brown, A. Ghosh, G. K. Marathe, and T. M. McIntyre Lipopolysaccharide Is a Direct Agonist for Platelet RNA Splicing J. Immunol., September 1, 2008; 181(5): 3495 - 3502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Zimmermann, E. Gams, and T. Hohlfeld Aspirin in coronary artery bypass surgery: new aspects of and alternatives for an old antithrombotic agent. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2008; 34(1): 93 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S. Molloy, M. P. Morgan, G. A. Doherty, B. McDonnell, M. Hilliard, J. O'Byrne, D. J. Fitzgerald, and G. M. McCarthy Mechanism of basic calcium phosphate crystal-stimulated cyclo-oxygenase-1 up-regulation in osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts Rheumatology, July 1, 2008; 47(7): 965 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Bartoo, M. T. Nelson, and G. M. Mawe ATP induces guinea pig gallbladder smooth muscle excitability via the P2Y4 receptor and COX-1 activity Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): G1362 - G1368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Amrite and U. B. Kompella Celecoxib Inhibits Proliferation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial and Choroid-Retinal Endothelial Cells by a Cyclooxygenase-2-Independent Mechanism J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2008; 324(2): 749 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. P. Herbert, A. F. Odell, S. Ponnambalam, and J. H. Walker The Confluence-dependent Interaction of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2-{alpha} with Annexin A1 Regulates Endothelial Cell Prostaglandin E2 Generation J. Biol. Chem., November 23, 2007; 282(47): 34468 - 34478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. G Kennedy, C. Gillio-Meina, and S. H. Phang Prostaglandins and the initiation of blastocyst implantation and decidualization Reproduction, November 1, 2007; 134(5): 635 - 643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Leith, A. W. Wilson, L. F. Donaldson, and B. M. Lumb Cyclooxygenase-1-Derived Prostaglandins in the Periaqueductal Gray Differentially Control C- versus A-Fiber-Evoked Spinal Nociception J. Neurosci., October 17, 2007; 27(42): 11296 - 11305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Chan, E. H Rabbitt, B. A Innes, J. N Bulmer, P. M Stewart, M. D Kilby, and M. Hewison Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human decidua: a novel role for 11{beta}-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in late gestation J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 195(1): 7 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Testa, B. Rocca, L. Spath, F. O. Ranelletti, G. Petrucci, G. Ciabattoni, F. Naro, S. Schiaffino, M. Volpe, and C. Reggiani Expression and activity of cyclooxygenase isoforms in skeletal muscles and myocardium of humans and rodents J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2007; 103(4): 1412 - 1418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Ghosh, H. Wang, Y. Ai, E. Romeo, J. P. Luyendyk, J. M. Peters, N. Mackman, S. K. Dey, and T. Hla COX-2 suppresses tissue factor expression via endocannabinoid-directed PPAR{delta} activation J. Exp. Med., September 3, 2007; 204(9): 2053 - 2061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Samuelsson, R. Morgenstern, and P.-J. Jakobsson Membrane Prostaglandin E Synthase-1: A Novel Therapeutic Target Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2007; 59(3): 207 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Feleder, V. Perlik, and C. M. Blatteis Preoptic norepinephrine mediates the febrile response of guinea pigs to lipopolysaccharide Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): R1135 - R1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Feleder, V. Perlik, and C. M. Blatteis Preoptic nitric oxide attenuates endotoxic fever in guinea pigs by inhibiting the POA release of norepinephrine Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): R1144 - R1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hasegawa, Y. Yamada, K. Komiyama, M. Hayashi, M. Ishibashi, T. Sunazuka, T. Izuhara, K. Sugahara, K. Tsuruda, M. Masuda, et al. A novel natural compound, a cycloanthranilylproline derivative (Fuligocandin B), sensitizes leukemia cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) through 15-deoxy-{Delta}12, 14 prostaglandin J2 production Blood, September 1, 2007; 110(5): 1664 - 1674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Buczynski, D. L. Stephens, R. C. Bowers-Gentry, A. Grkovich, R. A. Deems, and E. A. Dennis TLR-4 and Sustained Calcium Agonists Synergistically Produce Eicosanoids Independent of Protein Synthesis in RAW264.7 Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 3, 2007; 282(31): 22834 - 22847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Chen, E. Antoniou, Z. Liu, L. B Hearne, and R M. Roberts A microarray analysis for genes regulated by interferon-{tau} in ovine luminal epithelial cells Reproduction, July 1, 2007; 134(1): 123 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Willburger, E. Mysler, J. Derbot, T. Jung, H. Thurston, A. Kreiss, S. Litschig, G. Krammer, and G. A. Tate Lumiracoxib 400 mg once daily is comparable to indomethacin 50 mg three times daily for the treatment of acute flares of gout Rheumatology, July 1, 2007; 46(7): 1126 - 1132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Weinheimer, B. Jemiolo, C. C. Carroll, M. P. Harber, J. M. Haus, N. A. Burd, J. K. LeMoine, S. W. Trappe, and T. A. Trappe Resistance exercise and cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in human skeletal muscle: implications for COX-inhibiting drugs and protein synthesis Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): R2241 - R2248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Zerani, C Dall'Aglio, M Maranesi, A Gobbetti, G Brecchia, F Mercati, and C Boiti Intraluteal regulation of prostaglandin F2{alpha}-induced prostaglandin biosynthesis in pseudopregnant rabbits Reproduction, May 1, 2007; 133(5): 1005 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Tessier, C. Green, D. Padgett, W. Zhao, L. Schwartz, M. Hughes, and E. Hewlett Contributions of Histamine, Prostanoids, and Neurokinins to Edema Elicited by Edema Toxin from Bacillus anthracis Infect. Immun., April 1, 2007; 75(4): 1895 - 1903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Morinelli, J. R. Raymond, A. Baldys, Q. Yang, M.-h. Lee, L. Luttrell, and M. E. Ullian Identification of a putative nuclear localization sequence within ANG II AT1A receptor associated with nuclear activation Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): C1398 - C1408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. T. O. Nguyen, B. V. Bui, A. J. Sinclair, and A. J. Vingrys Dietary Omega 3 Fatty Acids Decrease Intraocular Pressure with Age by Increasing Aqueous Outflow Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., February 1, 2007; 48(2): 756 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. P. Ryan, C. M. Malboeuf, M. Bernard, R. C. Rose, and R. P. Phipps Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Attenuates Antibody Responses against Human Papillomavirus-Like Particles J. Immunol., December 1, 2006; 177(11): 7811 - 7819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-C. Chuang, H. S. Sun, T.-M. Chen, and S.-J. Tsai Prostaglandin E2 Induces Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 via EP3-Dependent Protein Kinase C{delta} and Elk-1 Signaling Mol. Cell. Biol., November 15, 2006; 26(22): 8281 - 8292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Nieri, C. Martinelli, C. Blandizzi, N. Bernardini, R. Greco, C. Ippolito, M. Del Tacca, and M. C. Breschi Role of Cyclooxygenase Isoforms and Nitric-Oxide Synthase in the Modulation of Tracheal Motor Responsiveness in Normal and Antigen-Sensitized Guinea Pigs J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2006; 319(2): 648 - 656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Shimamoto, Y. Nakanishi, K.-i. Katsu, T. Nakano, T. Kubota, H. Mori, and T. Nakahari Prostaglandin E2 release in gastric antral mucosa of guinea-pigs: basal PGE2 release by cyclo-oxygenase 2 and ACh-stimulated PGE2 release by cyclo-oxygenase 1 Exp Physiol, November 1, 2006; 91(6): 1015 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Sang and C. Chen Lipid Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity Neuroscientist, October 1, 2006; 12(5): 425 - 434. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. B. Copland, D. Reynaud, C. Pace-Asciak, and M. Post Mechanotransduction of stretch-induced prostanoid release by fetal lung epithelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): L487 - L495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W. Fowler and P. V. Coveney A Computational Protocol for the Integration of the Monotopic Protein Prostaglandin H2 Synthase into a Phospholipid Bilayer Biophys. J., July 15, 2006; 91(2): 401 - 410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Kolaczkowska, A. Scislowska-Czarnecka, M. Chadzinska, B. Plytycz, N. van Rooijen, G. Opdenakker, and B. Arnold Enhanced early vascular permeability in gelatinase B (MMP-9)-deficient mice: putative contribution of COX-1-derived PGE2 of macrophage origin J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2006; 80(1): 125 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mahic, S. Yaqub, C. C. Johansson, K. Tasken, and E. M. Aandahl FOXP3+CD4+CD25+ Adaptive Regulatory T Cells Express Cyclooxygenase-2 and Suppress Effector T Cells by a Prostaglandin E2-Dependent Mechanism J. Immunol., July 1, 2006; 177(1): 246 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Pecchi, M. Dallaporta, S. Thirion, C. Salvat, F. Berenbaum, A. Jean, and J.-D. Troadec Involvement of central microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in IL-1{beta}-induced anorexia Physiol Genomics, May 16, 2006; 25(3): 485 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. P. Choe, J. Havird, R. Rose, K. Hyndman, P. Piermarini, and D. H. Evans COX2 in a euryhaline teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus: primary sequence, distribution, localization, and potential function in gills during salinity acclimation J. Exp. Biol., May 1, 2006; 209(9): 1696 - 1708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Y. Park and J. W. Christman Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandins in the molecular pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): L797 - L805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Chapdelaine, J. Kang, S. Boucher-Kovalik, N. Caron, J. P. Tremblay, and M. A. Fortier Decidualization and maintenance of a functional prostaglandin system in human endometrial cell lines following transformation with SV40 large T antigen Mol. Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2006; 12(5): 309 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Li, V. Perlik, C. Feleder, Y. Tang, and C. M. Blatteis Kupffer cell-generated PGE2 triggers the febrile response of guinea pigs to intravenously injected LPS Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): R1262 - R1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Thiel, M. Heinonen, J. Rintahaka, T. Hallikainen, A. Hemmes, D. A. Dixon, C. Haglund, and A. Ristimaki Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Is Regulated by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3beta in Gastric Cancer Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 24, 2006; 281(8): 4564 - 4569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Langsenlehner, B. Yazdani-Biuki, T. Eder, W. Renner, T. C. Wascher, B. Paulweber, W. Weitzer, H. Samonigg, and P. Krippl The Cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2) 8473T>C Polymorphism is Associated with Breast Cancer Risk Clin. Cancer Res., February 15, 2006; 12(4): 1392 - 1394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ha, J.-H. Lee, H.-N. Kim, H.-M. Kim, H. B. Kwak, S. Lee, H.-H. Kim, and Z. H. Lee {alpha}-Lipoic Acid Inhibits Inflammatory Bone Resorption by Suppressing Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 111 - 117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Simmons, N. V. Chandrasekharan, D. Hu, K. L. Roos, J. Tomsik, B. Kis, J. A. Snipes, and D. W. Busija Comments on "Acetaminophen and the Cyclooxygenase-3 Puzzle: Sorting out Facts, Fictions, and Uncertainties" J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1412 - 1414. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kis, J. A. Snipes, and D. W. Busija Response to Comments on "Acetaminophen and the Cyclooxygenase-3 Puzzle: Sorting out Facts, Fictions, and Uncertainties" J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1415 - 1416. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Sang, J. Zhang, V. Marcheselli, N. G. Bazan, and C. Chen Postsynaptically Synthesized Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Modulates Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission via a Presynaptic PGE2 EP2 Receptor J. Neurosci., October 26, 2005; 25(43): 9858 - 9870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kis, J. A. Snipes, and D. W. Busija Acetaminophen and the Cyclooxygenase-3 Puzzle: Sorting out Facts, Fictions, and Uncertainties J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2005; 315(1): 1 - 7. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Hogestatt, B. A. G. Jonsson, A. Ermund, D. A. Andersson, H. Bjork, J. P. Alexander, B. F. Cravatt, A. I. Basbaum, and P. M. Zygmunt Conversion of Acetaminophen to the Bioactive N-Acylphenolamine AM404 via Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase-dependent Arachidonic Acid Conjugation in the Nervous System J. Biol. Chem., September 9, 2005; 280(36): 31405 - 31412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Martey, C. J. Baglole, T. A. Gasiewicz, P. J. Sime, and R. P. Phipps The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a regulator of cigarette smoke induction of the cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin pathways in human lung fibroblasts Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): L391 - L399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Pettus, K. Kitatani, C. E. Chalfant, T. A. Taha, T. Kawamori, J. Bielawski, L. M. Obeid, and Y. A. Hannun The Coordination of Prostaglandin E2 Production by Sphingosine-1-phosphate and Ceramide-1-phosphate Mol. Pharmacol., August 1, 2005; 68(2): 330 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rigas and K. Kashfi Cancer Prevention: A New Era beyond Cyclooxygenase-2 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2005; 314(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Thomas and D. M. Kuhn Cyclooxygenase-2 Is an Obligatory Factor in Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2005; 313(2): 870 - 876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-H. Liu, A. Kirschenbaum, K. Yu, S. Yao, and A. C. Levine Cyclooxygenase-2 Suppresses Hypoxia-induced Apoptosis via a Combination of Direct and Indirect Inhibition of p53 Activity in a Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line J. Biol. Chem., February 4, 2005; 280(5): 3817 - 3823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Iadecola and P. B. Gorelick The Janus Face of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Ischemic Stroke: Shifting Toward Downstream Targets Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 182 - 185. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Rabausch, E. Bretschneider, M. Sarbia, J. Meyer-Kirchrath, P. Censarek, R. Pape, J. W. Fischer, K. Schror, and A.-A. Weber Regulation of Thrombomodulin Expression in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins Circ. Res., January 7, 2005; 96(1): e1 - e6. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
 |
