| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Review Article |
Department of Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (L.W.); and Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada (R.W.)
Abstract
Abstract I. Introduction II. Milestones for the Biological and Physiological Studies of Carbon Monoxide A. Endogenous Production of Carbon Monoxide B. Physiological Functions of Carbon Monoxide III. Heme-Dependent and -Independent Endogenous Production of Carbon Monoxide A. Primary Structure of Different Heme Oxygenase Isoforms B. Tissue-Specific Distribution of Heme Oxygenases C. Subcellular Localization of Heme Oxygenases D. Up-Regulation of the Expression and Activity of Heme Oxygenases E. Down-Regulation of the Expression and Activity of Heme Oxygenases F. Biological Functions of Heme Oxygenases 1. Production of Carbon Monoxide, Biliverdin/Bilirubin, and Ferrous Iron. 2. Heme Metabolism. 3. Heme-Containing Protein and Heme-Binding Protein. G. Nonheme Sources of Carbon Monoxide Production IV. Catabolism of Endogenous Carbon Monoxide A. Expiration B. Scavenging C. Oxidation V. Physiological Roles of Carbon Monoxide A. Carbon Monoxide and Circulatory System 1. Cardiac Function. 2. Vascular Contractility. 3. Platelet Aggregation and Monocyte Activation. B. Carbon Monoxide and Nervous System 1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. 2. Glia. 3. Circadian Rhythm Control. 4. Odor Response Adaptation. 5. Nociception and Chemoreception. 6. Thermal Regulation. 7. Learning, Memory, and Behavior. 8. Vision. 9. Hearing. 10. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System. C. Carbon Monoxide and Respiratory System D. Carbon Monoxide and Reproductive System E. Carbon Monoxide and Gastrointestinal System F. Carbon Monoxide and Liver G. Carbon Monoxide and Kidney H. Carbon Monoxide and Pancreas VI. Pathophysiological Implications of Abnormal Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide System A. Neurodegenerations and Brain Disorders B. Hypertension 1. Hypertension Induced by Heme Oxygenase Inhibitors. 2. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. 3. Salt-Induced Hypertension. 4. Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. 5. One Kidney-One Clip Renovascular Hypertension. 6. Pulmonary Hypertension. 7. Portal Hypertension. C. Carbon Monoxide and Inflammation D. Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure E. Transplantation 1. Allograft Survival. 2. Xenograft Survival. F. Apoptosis and Cellular Proliferation 1. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. 2. Endothelial Cells. 3. Other Types of Cells. G. Oxidative Stress VII. Heme Protein-Dependent Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms for Carbon Monoxide Effects VIII. Interaction of Carbon Monoxide with Different Ion Channels A. Carbon Monoxide and KCa Channels B. Heme, Heme Oxygenase, 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid, and KCa Channels C. Carbon Monoxide and KATP Channels D. Carbon Monoxide and Calcium Channels E. Carbon Monoxide and Other Ion Channels 1. Na+ Channels. 2. Nonselective Cationic Channel. 3. Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels. IX. Interaction of Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide and Nitric-Oxide Synthase/Nitric Oxide Systems A. Influence of Carbon Monoxide on Nitric-Oxide Synthase/Nitric Oxide System 1. Carbon Monoxide Potentiates the Activity of Nitric-Oxide Synthase/Nitric Oxide System. 2. Carbon Monoxide Reduces the Activity of the Nitric-Oxide Synthase/Nitric Oxide System. 3. Carbon Monoxide Reduces the Expression of Nitric-Oxide Synthase. B. Influence of Nitric Oxide on Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide System 1. Nitric Oxide Potentiates the Activity of Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide System. 2. Nitric Oxide Reduces the Activity of Heme Oxygenase/Carbon Monoxide System. X. Therapeutic Applications of Carbon Monoxide A. Up-Regulating the Expression of Heme Oxygenase 1. Genetic Approaches. 2. Nongenetic Approaches. B. The More the Merrier? Down-Regulating the Expression or Activity of Heme Oxygenase 1. Genetic Approaches. 2. Nongenetic Approaches. C. Inhalation of Carbon Monoxide D. Use of Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Compounds E. Use of Prodrugs to Generate Carbon Monoxide XI. Conclusions and Perspectives
Over the last decade, studies have unraveled many aspects of endogenous production and physiological functions of carbon monoxide (CO). The majority of endogenous CO is produced in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). Inducible HO (HO-1) and constitutive HO (HO-2) are mostly recognized for their roles in the oxidation of heme and production of CO and biliverdin, whereas the biological function of the third HO isoform, HO-3, is still unclear. The tissue type-specific distribution of these HO isoforms is largely linked to the specific biological actions of CO on different systems. CO functions as a signaling molecule in the neuronal system, involving the regulation of neurotransmitters and neuropeptide release, learning and memory, and odor response adaptation and many other neuronal activities. The vasorelaxant property and cardiac protection effect of CO have been documented. A plethora of studies have also shown the importance of the roles of CO in the immune, respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver systems. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the production and mediate the physiological actions of CO has greatly advanced. Many diseases, including neurodegenerations, hypertension, heart failure, and inflammation, have been linked to the abnormality in CO metabolism and function. Enhancement of endogenous CO production and direct delivery of exogenous CO have found their applications in many health research fields and clinical settings. Future studies will further clarify the gasotransmitter role of CO, provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of many CO abnormality-related diseases, and pave the way for innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies based on the physiologic effects of CO.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. L. Scragg, M. L. Dallas, J. A. Wilkinson, G. Varadi, and C. Peers Carbon Monoxide Inhibits L-type Ca2+ Channels via Redox Modulation of Key Cysteine Residues by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species J. Biol. Chem., September 5, 2008; 283(36): 24412 - 24419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Masini, A. Vannacci, P. Failli, R. Mastroianni, L. Giannini, M. C. Vinci, C. Uliva, R. Motterlini, and P. F. Mannaioni A carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM-3) abrogates polymorphonuclear granulocyte-induced activation of endothelial cells and mast cells FASEB J, September 1, 2008; 22(9): 3380 - 3388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. L. Kerby, H. Youn, and G. P. Roberts RcoM: A New Single-Component Transcriptional Regulator of CO Metabolism in Bacteria J. Bacteriol., May 1, 2008; 190(9): 3336 - 3343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. G. Abraham and A. Kappas Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects of Heme Oxygenase Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2008; 60(1): 79 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wang, J.-Y. S. Lee, J. H. Kwak, Y. He, S. I. Kim, and M. E. Choi Protective effects of low-dose carbon monoxide against renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): F508 - F517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Dulak, J. Deshane, A. Jozkowicz, and A. Agarwal Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide in Vascular Pathobiology: Focus on Angiogenesis Circulation, January 15, 2008; 117(2): 231 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Cepinskas, K. Katada, A. Bihari, and R. F. Potter Carbon monoxide liberated from carbon monoxide-releasing molecule CORM-2 attenuates inflammation in the liver of septic mice Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): G184 - G191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. S. Nobre, J. D. Seixas, C. C. Romao, and L. M. Saraiva Antimicrobial Action of Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Compounds Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2007; 51(12): 4303 - 4307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. E. Milbury, B. Graf, J. M. Curran-Celentano, and J. B. Blumberg Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Anthocyanins Modulate Heme Oxygenase-1 and Glutathione S-Transferase-pi Expression in ARPE-19 Cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2007; 48(5): 2343 - 2349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Cutajar and T. M. Edwards Evidence for the role of endogenous carbon monoxide in memory processing. J. Cogn. Neurosci., April 1, 2007; 19(4): 557 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Bolognesi, D. Sacerdoti, A. Piva, M. Di Pascoli, F. Zampieri, S. Quarta, R. Motterlini, P. Angeli, C. Merkel, and A. Gatta Carbon Monoxide-Mediated Activation of Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels Contributes to Mesenteric Vasodilatation in Cirrhotic Rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2007; 321(1): 187 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nakao, J. Schmidt, T. Harada, A. Tsung, B. Stoffels, R. J. Cruz Jr., J. Kohmoto, X. Peng, K. Tomiyama, N. Murase, et al. A Single Intraperitoneal Dose of Carbon Monoxide-Saturated Ringer's Lactate Solution Ameliorates Postoperative Ileus in Mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2006; 319(3): 1265 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Gebhard, F. Petroktistis, H. Zhang, D. Kammerer, C. Kohle, K. Klingel, M. Albinus, C. H. Gleiter, H. Osswald, and A. Grenz Role of Renal Nerves and Salt Intake on Erythropoietin Secretion in Rats following Carbon Monoxide Exposure J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2006; 319(1): 111 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. H. Beierwaltes Induction of Heme Oxygenase: Can It Really Reverse Hypertension? Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 555 - 557. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wang, R. Shamloul, X. Wang, Q. Meng, and L. Wu Sustained Normalization of High Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Implanted Hemin Pump Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 685 - 692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Andresen, N. I. Shafi, W. Durante, and R. M. Bryan Jr. Effects of carbon monoxide and heme oxygenase inhibitors in cerebral vessels of rats and mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H223 - H230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Schroder No Nitric Oxide for HO-1 from Sodium Nitroprusside Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2006; 69(5): 1507 - 1509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
 |
