| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Review Article |
Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.N.); Department of Surgery, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey (C.S.); and Department of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary (C.S.)
Abstract
Abstract I. Introduction, Historical Background II. The Structure and Molecular Biochemistry of Xanthine Oxidoreductase III. Xanthine Oxidase-Derived Superoxide as Part of a Complex Oxidant and Antioxidant System IV. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors A. Allopurinol and Oxypurinol B. Novel Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors V. Therapeutic Areas Relevant for Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors A. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Gout and Tumor Lysis Syndrome B. Xanthine Oxidase and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury 1. Xanthine Oxidase and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. 2. Xanthine Oxidase and Stroke. 3. Xanthine Oxidase and Splanchnic Ischemia-Reperfusion. 4. Xanthine Oxidase and Ischemia-Reperfusion of Liver, Kidney, Lung, and Other Organs. C. Xanthine Oxidase and Circulatory Shock D. Xanthine Oxidase and Chronic Heart Failure E. Xanthine Oxidase and Vascular Disease: Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, and Diabetes F. Xanthine Oxidase and Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Other Inflammatory Diseases G. Xanthine Oxidase and Various Forms of Toxic Organ Injury VI. Future Development of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
The prototypical xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol, has been the cornerstone of the clinical management of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia for several decades. More recent data indicate that XO also plays an important role in various forms of ischemic and other types of tissue and vascular injuries, inflammatory diseases, and chronic heart failure. Allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol showed considerable promise in the treatment of these conditions both in experimental animals and in small-scale human clinical trials. Although some of the beneficial effects of these compounds may be unrelated to the inhibition of the XO, the encouraging findings rekindled significant interest in the development of additional, novel series of XO inhibitors for various therapeutic indications. Here we present a critical overview of the effects of XO inhibitors in various pathophysiological conditions and also review the various emerging therapeutic strategies offered by this approach.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Boueiz, M. Damarla, and P. M. Hassoun Xanthine oxidoreductase in respiratory and cardiovascular disorders Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): L830 - L840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Antao-Menezes, E. A. Turpin, P. C. Bost, J. P. Ryman-Rasmussen, and J. C. Bonner STAT-1 Signaling in Human Lung Fibroblasts Is Induced by Vanadium Pentoxide through an IFN-{beta} Autocrine Loop J. Immunol., March 15, 2008; 180(6): 4200 - 4207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Pauff, J. Zhang, C. E. Bell, and R. Hille Substrate Orientation in Xanthine Oxidase: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ENZYME IN REACTION WITH 2-HYDROXY-6-METHYLPURINE J. Biol. Chem., February 22, 2008; 283(8): 4818 - 4824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Hernandez-Divers, D. Martinez-Jimenez, S. Bush, K. S. Latimer, P. Zwart, and E. J. B. V. Kroeze Effects of allopurinol on plasma uric acid levels in normouricaemic and hyperuricaemic green iguanas (Iguana iguana) Vet Rec., January 26, 2008; 162(4): 112 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rajesh, H. Pan, P. Mukhopadhyay, S. Batkai, D. Osei-Hyiaman, G. Hasko, L. Liaudet, B. Gao, and P. Pacher Pivotal Advance: Cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist HU-308 protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2007; 82(6): 1382 - 1389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Batkai, D. Osei-Hyiaman, H. Pan, O. El-Assal, M. Rajesh, P. Mukhopadhyay, F. Hong, J. Harvey-White, A. Jafri, G. Hasko, et al. Cannabinoid-2 receptor mediates protection against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury FASEB J, June 1, 2007; 21(8): 1788 - 1800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. P. Saliaris, L. C. Amado, K. M. Minhas, K. H. Schuleri, S. Lehrke, M. St. John, T. Fitton, C. Barreiro, C. Berry, M. Zheng, et al. Chronic allopurinol administration ameliorates maladaptive alterations in Ca2+ cycling proteins and beta-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness in heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): H1328 - H1335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Pacher, J. S. Beckman, and L. Liaudet Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease Physiol Rev, January 1, 2007; 87(1): 315 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Zimmet and J. M. Hare Nitroso-Redox Interactions in the Cardiovascular System Circulation, October 3, 2006; 114(14): 1531 - 1544. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Pacher, S. Batkai, and G. Kunos The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2006; 58(3): 389 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
 |
 |
 |
|
 |
 |
 |
