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Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France (P.G., P.C., H.G.); Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Hannover, Germany (G.E.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (R.M.E.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.L.); Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (M.L.); Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultade de Quimica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Galicia, Spain (A.R.d.L.); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (R.L.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas (D.J.M.)
Abstract
Abstract Introduction RARs Expression and Function of Retinoid Acid Receptors Natural Retinoids and Synthetic Analogs Diseases, Treatments, and Chemoprevention Ongoing Research
Retinoid is a term for compounds that bind to and activate retinoic acid receptors (RAR
, RAR
, and RAR
), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The most important endogenous retinoid is all-trans-retinoic acid. Retinoids regulate a wide variety of essential biological processes, such as vertebrate embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis, cell growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis, and homeostasis, as well as their disorders. This review summarizes the considerable amount of knowledge generated on these receptors.
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