BMS914392 | IKACh | Resulted ineffective in clinical studies |
Potential adverse/vagolytic effects |
MK-0448 | IKur | Appears ineffective |
INa Blockers | INa | Ranolazine resulted ineffective in clinical studies |
Wenxin-Keli appears effective but needs additional studies |
Multichannel blockers | INa | Celivarone resulted ineffective in clinical studies |
IKur | Budiodarone appears effective but need for additional studies |
IKACh | Vernakalant seems effective for acute conversion to sinus rhythm |
IKr | |
IKs | |
AP14145: | SK | SK channels are downregulated in human AF |
No effect on APD of patients with AF |
SAC Blockers | SAC | Gadolinium is effective in experiments |
Selective agents have not been tested in the clinic |
K2p Blockers | K2p | Amiodarone and Dronedarone |
Selective analogs are under development but have not been tested in the clinic |
IP3 modulators | IP3 Receptor | Not clinically tested as yet |
Potential systemic effects due to nonspecificity |
Dantrolene | RyR2 | Not clinically tested in AF as yet |
Potential hepatotoxicity on chronic oral administration |
Rotigaptide | Connexin | Not clinically tested as yet |
Improvement of conduction velocity does not correlate with AF vulnerability |