The distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone-, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript- and orexin B-immunoreactive elements as well as their morphological relationships in selected brain structures harbouring the neuroendocrine pathways controlling energy balance and circadian rhythmicity in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) were studied. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-(55-102)-immunoreactive perikarya co-expressed melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactivity in the lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, zona incerta and posterior hypothalamic area. In addition, arcuate nucleus, hypothalamic periventricular nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and the rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe nucleus contained cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive cell profiles. Orexin B-immunoreactive perikarya were distributed in the lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and retrochiasmatic area. Cells immunoreactive for orexin B did not co-express melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactivity, but orexin B-immunoreactive fibers had close apposition to many melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactive cells. Whereas immunoreactivity for all examined peptides was absent in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, dense and large orexin B-immunoreactive fibers and to a lesser extent melanin-concentrating hormone- and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive fibers of smaller size were present in the intergeniculate leaflet and raphe nucleus. These observations in Djungarian hamsters indicate that the neuronal distribution of the examined peptides is strongly conserved between species. In addition, the presence of fibers within the neuronal components of the circadian timing system suggests that they may indirectly influence circadian rhythms.