RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X Receptors JF Pharmacological Reviews JO Pharmacol Rev FD American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics SP 760 OP 772 DO 10.1124/pr.58.4.7 VO 58 IS 4 A1 Pierre Germain A1 Pierre Chambon A1 Gregor Eichele A1 Ronald M. Evans A1 Mitchell A. Lazar A1 Mark Leid A1 Angel R. De Lera A1 Reuben Lotan A1 David J. Mangelsdorf A1 Hinrich Gronemeyer YR 2006 UL http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/58/4/760.abstract AB The physiological effects of retinoic acids (RAs) are mediated by members of two families of nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are encoded by three distinct human genes, RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ. RARs bind both all-trans- and 9-cis-RA, whereas only the 9-cis-RA stereoisomer binds to RXRs. As RXR/RAR heterodimers, these receptors control the transcription of RA target genes through binding to RA-response elements. This review is focused on the structure, mode of action, ligands, expression, and pharmacology of RXRs. Given their role as common partners to many other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, these receptors have been the subject of intense scrutiny. Moreover, and despite numerous studies since their initial discovery, RXRs remain enigmatic nuclear receptors, and there is still no consensus regarding their role. Indeed, multiple questions about the actual biological role of RXRs and the existence of an endogenous ligand have still to be answered.