The irreversible oxidation of retinal to retinoic acid
| Enzyme | Locus | Reaction | Binding protein/function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aldehyde dehydrogenases class I (RalDH) | Cytosol | Retinal → retinoic acid | Holo-CRBP-retinal/substrate |
| Cytochrome P450-isoenzymes | Microsomes | ||
| CYP1A1 | Retinal → retinoic acid | Holo-CRBP-retinal/substrate | |
| CYP1A1 | Retinal → 4-OH-retinal | ||
| CYP3A6 | |||
| CYP1A2 | 9-cis-Retinal | ||
| → 4-OH-9-cis-retinal | |||
| → 4-oxo-9-cis-retinal | |||
| CYP1A2 | 9-cis-Retinal | ||
| → 9-cis-retinoic acid | |||
| CYP2B4, CYP2C3 | 9-cis-RAL | ||
| → 4-OH-retinal |