Table 3

Hypothalamic inhibitors of food intake and their effect on body weight regulation

	Amino Acid Length	Site of Production	Site of Action	Effect on Body Weight
	Amino Acid Length	Site of Production	Site of Action	Administration	Antagonist	Overexpression	Knockout
Melanocortin (α-MSH)	13	ARC	PVN	↓	↑	?	↑ (MC-4 R) ↑ (POMC)^3-b
CRF^3-a	41	PVN	PVN	↓	↑	↑^3-a	→
Urocortin	40	LH	VMH	↓	↑	?	?
GLP-1	30	Brainstem	PVN	↓	↑	?	→ (GLP-1 R)
CART	48	ARC, DMH, PVN	PVN (?)	→	?	?	?
Neurotensin	13	ARC, DMH, PVN	PVN, VMH	→	→	?	?
Bombesin (GRP)	14 (27)	PVN	PVN	↓	→	?	↑ (BN-3 R) → (GRP R)
CCK-8	8	PVN	LH, PVN	→	→	?	→ (CCK-A R)
Serotonin	—	Brainstem	PVN, VMH	↓	↑	?	↑ (5-HT 2_c R)
Interleukin-1β	152	ARC	PVN, VMH	↓	↑	?	→

↵3-a CRF transgenic mice show Cushing's syndrome with elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
↵3-b Mice lacking POMC-derived peptides have obesity, defective adrenal development, and altered pigmentation (Yaswen et al., 1999).
Abbreviations: α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1_7–36 amide; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; CCK-8, cholecystokinin octapeptide; MC, melanocortin; R, receptor; BN, bombesin; GRP, gastrin-releasing peptide; ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; PVN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; DMH, dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; LH, lateral hypothalamic area; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; →, no change; ?, not reported.