Drugs of Abuse | Duration | Rodents | Primates/Humans | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACTH | Cortisol | CRF Release (In Vitro) | CRF Blockade on HPA | ACTH | Cortisol | |||
Psychostimulants | Acute | ↑1-a | ↑1-b | Yes1-c | ↑1-d | |||
Chronic | ↑ Basal levels; no tolerance1-e | No tolerance1-f | ||||||
Opiates | Acute | ↑1-g | —1-h | Yes1-i | ↓1-j | |||
Chronic | Tolerance1-k | Tolerance1-l | ||||||
Alcohol | Acute | ↑1-m | ↑1-n | Yes1-o | ↑1-p | |||
Chronic | ↑ Basal levels; tolerance1-q | Tolerance1-r | ||||||
Benzodiazepines | Acute | ↓/↑ (Low/high dose)1-s | ↓/↑1-t | ? | ? | |||
Chronic | ↑ Basal levels1-u | |||||||
Nicotine | Acute | ↑1-v | ↑1-w | ? | ↑1-x | |||
Chronic | ↑ Basal levels; tolerance1-y | |||||||
THC | Acute | ↑1-z | ↑1-aa | No1-bb; but HYPO deaff.: yes1-cc | ↑1-dd | |||
Chronic | ? | Some tolerance1-ee |
↑, increase; ↓, decrease; —, no change.
↵1-a Moldow and Fischman, 1987; Rivier and Vale, 1987; Levy et al., 1991; Sarnyai et al., 1992; Swerdlow et al., 1993.
↵1-b Calogero et al., 1989.
↵1-c Rivier and Vale, 1987; Sarnyai et al., 1992.
↵1-d Teoh et al., 1994; Sarnyai et al., 1996.
↵1-e Borowsky and Kuhn, 1991; Sarnyai et al., 1998.
↵1-f Mendelson et al., 1992, 1998; Baumann et al., 1995.
↵1-g Buckingham, 1992.
↵1-h Tsagarakis et al., 1989.
↵1-i Nikolarakis et al., 1987.
↵1-j Gosselin et al., 1983; Allolio et al., 1987.
↵1-k Ignar and Kuhn, 1990; Pechnick, 1993.
↵1-l Kreek, 2000.
↵1-m Rivier et al., 1984.
↵1-n Rivier et al., 1984; Redei et al., 1988.
↵1-o Rivier et al., 1984, 1996.
↵1-p Lukas and Mendelson, 1988.
↵1-q Spencer and McEwen, 1990; Rivier, 1996.
↵1-r Kornet et al., 1992.
↵1-s Pohorecky et al., 1988.
↵1-t Calogero et al., 1990.
↵1-u Chabot et al., 1982; Pericic et al., 1987.
↵1-v Matta et al., 1998.
↵1-w Karanth et al., 1999.
↵1-x Newhouse et al., 1990; Kirschbaum et al., 1992.
↵1-y Sharp and Beyer, 1986; Pauly et al., 1992.
↵1-z Puder et al., 1982; Weidenfeld et al., 1994.
↵1-aa Weidenfeld et al., 1994.
↵1-bb Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1996.
↵1-cc Puder et al., 1982.
↵1-dd Cone et al., 1986.
↵1-ee Cone et al., 1986; Dax et al., 1989.