Effect | Species | Strain7-a | Sex | Assay7-b | Control7-c | Intensity7-d | Dose7-e | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nmol, i.t. | ||||||||
Spontaneous nociception | ||||||||
Mouse | ddY | ♂ | SBL | Veh | N.A. | 3 × 10−9–3 × 10−5 7-f | Inoue et al., 1999; Sakurada et al., 1999b, 2000 | |
Hyperalgesia/allodynia | ||||||||
Mouse | ddY | ♂ | Probe | Veh | N.A. | 5.5 × 10−4–0.287-f | Okuda-Ashitaka et al., 1996; Hara et al., 1997; Minami et al., 2000 | |
Rat | SD | ♀ | FR | None | N.A. | <0.055 | Xu et al., 1996, 1999b | |
Mouse | ddY | ♂ | HP | Veh + BL | 14 s | ≥2.75 × 10−9/kg | Hara et al., 1997, 2000;Minami et al., 1997 | |
Mouse | ddY | ♂ | FR | None | N.A. | 1 × 10−7–17-f | Inoue et al., 1999 | |
Mouse | ddY | ♂ | HT | Veh | 9 s | ≥1.5 × 10−6 | ||
TWrh | Veh +BL | 8 s | ≥1.5 × 10−6 | Sakurada et al., 1999a,c | ||||
Analgesia | ||||||||
Rat | SD | ♂ | FR | None | N.A. | ≥0.55 | ||
TWrh | BL | N.R. | ≥0.55 | Xu et al., 1996 | ||||
Mouse | CD-1 | ♂ | TWrh | BL | 2.5 s | ≥2.75 | King et al., 1997 | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | TWrh | BL | 4 s | 5.5 | Hao et al., 1997 | |
Rat | Wistar | ♂ +♀ | TWrh | Veh + BL | 5 s | ≥3 | Tian et al., 1997a,b | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | F | Veh | 5%, 50 μl | ≥3.3 | Erb et al., 1997 | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | F | Veh | 5%, 50 μl | ≥1.7 | Yamamoto et al., 1997a, 2000b; Yamamoto and Sakashita, 1999a | |
Rat | SD | ♂ + ♀ | TWrh | Veh | 4 s | ≥0.17 | Hao et al., 1998 7-g | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | F | Veh | 5%, 50 μl | ≥5 | Hao and Ogawa, 1998 | |
Mouse | ICR | ♂ | F | Veh | 0.5%, 25 μl | ≥1 | Kamei et al., 1999b 7-h | |
Mouse | ICR | ♂ | TWrh | BL | 6 s | ≥1 | Kamei et al., 1999a 7-i | |
Rat | SD | N.R. | TWhw | Veh + BL | 6 s | 0.55 | Wang et al., 1999c 7-j | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | F | Veh | 5%, 150 μl | ≥0.055 | Wang et al., 1999a | |
Mouse | ddY | ♂ | F | Veh + NI | 2%, 20 μl | ≥0.17 | Nakano et al., 2000 7-k | |
No hyperalgesia or analgesia | ||||||||
Mouse | NMRI | ♂ | TWrh | Veh | 7 s | 10 | Reinscheid et al., 1995 | |
Mouse | SW | ♂ +♀ | TWhw | Veh + BL | 3.5 s | 10 | Grisel et al., 1996 7-l | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | HP | Veh + BL | 20 s | 17 | Yamamoto et al., 1997a | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | HT | Veh + BL | 11 s | 17 | Yamamoto and Nozaki-Taguchi, 1997; Yamamoto et al., 2000a | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | VF | Veh | 60 g | 17 | Yamamoto and Sakashita, 1999b | |
Mouse | ICR | ♂ | TWhw | Veh +BL | N.R. | 0.055–3 | ||
Rat | SD | ♂ | TWhw | Veh +BL | N.R. | 10 | ||
Rat | SD | ♂ | HP | Veh +BL | N.R. | 10 | ||
Rat | SD | ♂ | VF | None | N.R. | 10 | Vanderah et al., 1998 | |
Anti-analgesia | ||||||||
Rat | SD | ♂ | PP | Veh +BL | N.R. | 0.5–5 | ||
TWrh | Veh + BL | 2 s | 0.5–5 | Jhamandas et al., 1998 7-m | ||||
Rat | SD | ♀ | FS | Veh +BL | N.R. | ≥1 | Dawson-Basoa and Gintzler, 1997 7-n | |
Mouse | CD-1 | ♂ | TWrh | Veh + BL | 3 s | 0.0055 | Rady et al., 2001 7-o | |
Hyperalgesia and anti-analgesia | ||||||||
Rat | SD | ♂ | TWrh | ??? | ??? | ≥0.0557-p | Zhu et al., 1998 7-q | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | TWrh | ??? | ??? | ≥0.0557-p | Zhang et al., 1997 7-r | |
Anti-hyperalgesia/allodynia | ||||||||
Rat | SD | ♂ | HT | Veh +BL | 11 s | 17 | Yamamoto et al., 1997b,2000a 7-s | |
Rat | SD | ♂ | VF | Veh | 50 g | 17 | Yamamoto and Sakashita, 1999b 7-t | |
Rat | SD | ♂ + ♀ | TWrh | Veh | 4 s | ≥0.55 | ||
VF | Veh | 80 g | ≥1.7 | Hao et al., 1998 7-u |
N.A., not applicable; N.R., not reported; ???, unknown.
↵7-a Strain abbreviations: CD-1, Hsd:ICR; ddY, an inbred strain; ICR, Institute for Cancer Research (Swiss-derived); NMRI, a Swiss-derived European strain; SD, Sprague-Dawley; SW, Swiss-Webster.
↵7-b Assay abbreviations: HP, hot-plate test; HT, Hargreaves' test of paw-withdrawal from radiant heat; F, formalin test; FR, spinal flexor reflex; FS, electric footshock test; Probe, behavioral response to stroking on the flank with a paintbrush; PP, paw pressure (Randall-Selitto) test; SBL, caudally-directed scratching, biting, and licking behavior; TWrh, radiant heat tail-withdrawal (tail-flick) test; TWhw, hot water tail-withdrawal test; VF, Von Frey test of mechanical sensitivity.
↵7-c Control group abbreviations: All, all of the following were used; BL, comparison with baseline latencies; Veh, comparison with vehicle group; NI, comparison with non-injected group.
↵7-d For thermal assays, baseline latency or latency of control group is provided. For other assays, actual intensity parameters are listed.
↵7-e Effective OFQ/N dose or dose range. Many of these studies investigated a wider overall dose range than that shown.
↵7-f Biphasic dose-response relationship observed.
↵7-g Analgesic effect was obtained in contralateral paws of spinally-injured, nerve-irradiated and inflamed animals.
↵7-h In contrast to all other investigations in this section employing the formalin test, these investigators only observed an analgesic effect in the acute/early phase (0–5 min) of the biphasic formalin test.
↵7-i In mice made diabetic with injections of streptozotocin, OFQ/N was even more potent, producing significant analgesia at a dose of 0.1 nmol.
↵7-j In addition to a mild analgesic effect, i.t. OFQ/N produced an impressive potentiation of endomorphin-1 analgesia.
↵7-k Hyperalgesic effects on tonic phase formalin licking were seen at a dose of 10 pg.
↵7-l This study obtained an almost significant (p = 0.053) potentiation of spinal morphine analgesia by OFQ/N.
↵7-m Anti-analgesic effect against systemic morphine analgesia. A dose of 10 nmol failed to block morphine analgesia and actually prolonged its duration. These investigators also demonstrated OFQ/N analgesia in the TWrh and PP tests, but only at much higher doses (50 and 100 nmol).
↵7-n Anti-analgesic effect against gestational and steroid-induced analgesia. In non-pregnant animals, no effect of OFQ/N on nociception was seen.
↵7-o Anti-analgesic effect against spinal morphine analgesia.
↵7-p Dose at which anti-analgesic effects were noted. Hyperalgesia was only seen at higher doses.
↵7-q Anti-analgesic effect against fentanyl and U50,488 analgesia.
↵7-r Anti-analgesic effect against electroacupuncture analgesia.
↵7-s Blocked thermal hyperalgesia after a Bennett and Xie (1988) model neuropathic injury in one study, and after a Seltzer et al. (1990) model neuropathic injury in the other. In a subsequent study, the finding in the Bennett model was weakly replicated, but the finding in the Seltzer model appeared not to be replicated.
↵7-t A partial, and naloxone-sensitive blockade of mechanical allodynia from skin incision.
↵7-u Blocked thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and cold allodynia after carrageenan inflammation, peripheral nerve injury, or ischemic spinal cord injury.