The effects of immune cell activation and cytokines on sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine release within lymphoid organs
| Stimulus | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|
| Endotoxin | ↑1-acirculating NE | Heiffer et al., 1960; Rosenberg et al., 1961; Spink et al., 1966; Devereux et al., 1977; Feuerstein et al., 1981 |
| ↓ lymphoid organ NE tissue content | Zetterstrom et al., 1964; Pohorecky et al., 1972; Pardini et al., 1982 | |
| LPS | ↑ splenic NE turnover | Pardini et al., 1983; MacNeil et al., 1996, 1997 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection | ↑ bone marrow NE turnover | Tang et al., 1999 |
| sRBC | ↓ lymphoid organ NE tissue content | Besedovsky et al., 1979; Del Rey et al., 1981 |
| n.c. lymphoid organ NE tissue content | Fuchs et al., 1988; Delrue-Perollet et al., 1995 | |
| ↑ splenic DOPAC | Fuchs et al., 1988 | |
| Soluble protein antigen | ↑ NE turnover in the spleen and bone marrow | Kohm et al., 2000 |
| IL-1β | ↑ NE release in the spleen | Akiyoshi et al., 1990; Ichijo et al., 1992; Shimizu et al., 1994 |
| ↑ sympathetic nerve activity in the spleen | Niijima et al., 1991; Takahashi et al., 1992 | |
| ↓ sympathetic nerve activity in the spleen | Bognar et al., 1994 | |
| IL-6 | [high] ↓ NE release | Ruhl et al., 1994 |
| [medium] n.c. NE release | ||
| [low] ↑ NE release | ||
| IL-2 | ↓ splenic NE release | Bognar et al., 1994 |
| TNF-α | ↓ splenic NE release | Foucart and Abadie, 1996; Abadie et al., 1997 |
↵1-a Abbreviations: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; [ ], concentration; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; n.c., no change; NE, norepinephrine; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.