Effect of pharmacological manipulations on heroin- or cocaine priming-induced reinstatement
| Neurotransmitter System | References | Type of Procedure; Training Dose (mg/kg/inf); Schedule; Session Duration (h/day); Priming Dose (mg/kg) | Cocaine-Trained | Heroin-Trained |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corticosterone | ||||
| Adrenalectomy | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
| Erb et al., 1998 | B; 1.0; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | ||
| Adrenalectomy + CORT replacement | Erb et al., 1998 | B; 1.0; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| Corticosterone synthesis inhibitor: | ||||
| Chronic metyrapone (100.0 mg/kg, s.c., 4–8 days) | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
| Acute metyrapone (100.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
| Ketoconazole (50.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Mantsch and Goeders, 1999b | B; 0.5; FR-4; 2 h; 5–20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| Cannabinoids | ||||
| Cannabinoid antagonist: | ||||
| SR141716A (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | De Vries et al., 2001 | B; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 1.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| CRF | ||||
| CRF antagonists: | ||||
| D-Phe CRF 12–41 (0.1–1.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Erb et al., 1998 | B; C; 1.0; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| α-Helical-CRF (3.0–10.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Shaham et al., 1997 | B; H; 0.1; FR-1; 6–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No consistent effect | |
| α-Helical-CRF (1.0–10.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Lu et al., 2001 | B; 10.0 (i.p.), CPP; 10.0 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
| CRF1 receptor antagonists: | ||||
| CP-154,526 (1.0–10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Lu et al., 2001 | B; 10.0 (i.p.); CPP; 10.0 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
| CRF2 receptor antagonists: | ||||
| AS-30 (1.0–10.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Lu et al., 2001 | B; 10.0 (i.p.); CPP; 10.0 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| Dopamine | ||||
| Amphetamine (0.5–2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Lynch et al., 1998 | W; 0.4; FR-1; 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Potentiation | |
| D1-like receptor antagonist: | ||||
| SCH 23390 (0.01 mg/kg, i.v.) | Norman et al., 1999 | B-W; 0.05–4.0; FR5 or FR1; 2 h; 20–100 μg/kg (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| SCH 23390 (0.05–0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
| D2-like receptor antagonist: | ||||
| Haloperidol (0.075–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) | Ettenberg et al., 1996 | B; Runway; 0.06; 0.06 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| Haloperidol (0.15–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) | McFarland and Ettenberg, 1997 | B; Runway; 0.1; 0.1 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| Raclopride (0.25–0.5, i.p.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
| D1-like receptor agonist: | ||||
| SKF 82958 (0.3–1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 1996 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5–2.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| SKF 81297 (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 1996 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 2.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| ABT-431 (0.1–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 2000 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 2.0 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| D2/3-like receptor agonist: | ||||
| 7-OH-DPAT (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) | Self et al., 1996 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5 (i.v.) | Potentiation | |
| Nonselective dopamine antagonist: | ||||
| Flupethixol (3.0–6.0 mg/kg, i.m.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 7–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
| Fluphenazine (10.0 nmol/side, NAc) | Cornish and Kalivas, 2000 | B; 0.5–1.0; FR-1; 2 h; 10 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| GABA | ||||
| Agonist: | ||||
| Baclofen (1.25–2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) | Campbell et al., 1999 | W; 0.4; FR-1; 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| Glutamate | ||||
| NMDA antagonist: | ||||
| D-CPPene (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Bespalov et al., 2000 | B; 0.32; FR-1; 3 h; 1.0 (i.v.) | Nonspecific effect | |
| CPP (0.1 nmol/side, into NAc) | Cornish and Kalivas, 2000 | B; 0.5–1.0; FR-1; 2 h; 10 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| Memantine (1.0–10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Bespalov et al., 2000 | B; 0.32; FR-1; 1.0 (i.v.) | Nonspecific effect | |
| AMPA receptor antagonist: | ||||
| CNQX (1.0 nmol/side, into NAc) | Cornish and Kalivas, 2000 | B; 0.5–1.0; FR-1; 2 h; 10 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
| Noradrenaline | ||||
| α2-Adrenoceptor agonists: | ||||
| Clonidine (10.0 or 40.0 μg/kg, i.p.) | No effect | |||
| Lofexidine (50.0–200.0 μg/kg, i.p.) | Erb et al., 2000 | B; 0.5; FR-1; 3 h; 20 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| Guanabenz (640.0 μg/kg, i.p.) | No effect | |||
| Opioids | ||||
| Agonists: | ||||
| Butorphanol (8.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Lynch et al., 1998 | W; 0.4; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| Morphine (0.3–3.0, s.c.) | Lynch et al., 1998 | W; 0.4; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | No effect | |
| Chronic heroin (3.0 mg/kg/day via osmotic pump) | Shaham et al., 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 7–12 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | Attenuation | |
| Partial agonist: | ||||
| Buprenorphine (0.025–0.4 mg/kg, i.v.) | Comer et al., 1993 | W; 1.0; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| μ-Receptor selective agonist: | ||||
| Etonitazene (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg, i.v.) | Comer et al., 1993 | W; 1.0; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | Some attenuation | |
| κ-Receptor agonist: | ||||
| U69593 (0.16 or 0.32 mg/kg, s.c.) | Schenk et al., 1999 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 20 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
| Antagonist: | ||||
| Naltrexone (1.6 or 3.2 mg/kg, i.v.) | Comer et al., 1993 | W; 1.0; FR-1, 7 h; 3.2 (i.v.) | No effect | |
| Naltrexone (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Stewart, 1984 | W; 0.1; FR-1, 2–3 h; 0.1 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| Naltrexone (1–10 mg/kg, s.c.) | Shaham and Stewart, 1996 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 12 h | Attenuation | |
| Serotonin | ||||
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor: | ||||
| Fluoxetine (3.0 mg/kg/day, i.p., 20 days) | Baker et al., 2001 | B; 0.5; FR-1; 6 h; 15 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| 5-HT2C agonist: | ||||
| Ro 60-0175 (1.0–3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Grottick et al., 2000 | B; 0.25; FR-5; 1 h; 15 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
| 5-HT2 antagonist: | ||||
| Ritanserin (1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Schenk, 2000 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 5.0–20.0 (i.p.) | No effect | |
| 5-HT1Aantagonist: | ||||
| WAY 100653 (0.1–1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) | Schenk, 2000 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 5.0–20.0 (i.p.) | Attenuation | |
| Other manipulations | ||||
| Cocaine immunogen GNC-KLH | Carrera et al., 2000 | B; 0.25; FR-1; 1 h; 0.25 (i.v.) | Attenuation | |
| Leptin (2.0 and 4.0 μg, i.c.v.) | Shalev et al., 2001 | B; 0.1; FR-1; 9 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
| Acamprosate (50.0–200.0 mg/kg, i.p.) | Spanagel et al., 1998 | B; 0.1; 4 h; 0.25 (s.c.) | No effect | |
| PKA inhibitor: | ||||
| Rp-cAMPS (40.0 nmol/side, into NAc) | Self et al., 1998 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5 or 2.0 | Potentiation | |
| PKA activator: | ||||
| Sp-cAMPS (40.0 nmol/side, into NAc) | Self et al., 1998 | W; 0.5; FR-1; 2 h; 0.5 or 2.0 | Nonspecific effect |
Abbreviations: B, between-session reinstatement procedure; B-W, between-within session reinstatement procedure; C, cocaine; H, heroin; W, within-session reinstatement procedure.