Primary Sources | Primary Vascular Effector Cells and Direct Effects | Murine Intervention Studies | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endothelial Cells | Monocytes/Macrophages | Smooth Muscle Cells | ||||||
⇑ | ⇓ | ⇑ | ⇓ | ⇑ | ⇓ | |||
IL-1 | EC, T cell, MΦ, SMC (IL-1ra: EC, MΦ, SMC) | IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, M-CSF, fractalkine, | proliferation | IL-6 | apolipoprotein E | IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, MCP-1, M-CSF, | proliferation | ⇑ vascular inflammation in IL-1ra-deficient mice |
IL-1R1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, tissue factor, heme oxygenase, apoptosis | PDGF-AA, superoxide | GM-CSF,ICAM-1, VCAM-1, iNOS, COX-2, Mn-SOD, stromelysin, interstitial collagenase, proliferation | ⇓ atherogenesis in IL-1ra-transgenic mice | |||||
IL-6 | EC, MΦ, SMC | IL-6, migration | HGF proliferation | MCP-1 | SR-A | Proliferation | rIL-6 ⇓ fatty streak formation | |
rIL-6 ⇑ atherogenesis | ||||||||
rIL-6 ⇓ plaque progression | ||||||||
IL-8 | EC, MΦ, SMC | Monocyte adhesion | TIMP-1 | Chemotaxis, proliferation | ⇑ atherogenesis following transfer of IL-8-transgenic bone marrow | |||
IL-12 | EC, MΦ | VCAM-1 | rIL-12 ⇑ plaque progression | |||||
IL-9 | T cell | TNFα oxidative burst | IL-9 ⇓ atherogenesis | |||||
IL-9 immunization ⇑ atherogenesis | ||||||||
IL-10 | T cell, MΦ | IL-6, IL-8 | TIMP-1, differentiation, phagocytosis | Cytokine production, TNFα | PLA2, proliferation | ⇑ atherogenesis in IL-10-deficient mice | ||
VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, angiogenesis | ICAM-1, CD18, CD62-L, tissue factor | ⇓ atherogenesis in IL-10-transgenic mice | ||||||
iNOS | ⇓ atherogenesis following transfer of IL-10-transgenic bone marrow | |||||||
MMP-9 | plasmid-mediated/ adenoviral IL-10 gene transfer ⇓ atherogenesis | |||||||
MHC II, B7, | ||||||||
NF-κB activation, | ||||||||
activation, | ||||||||
proliferation |
Cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2; EC, endothelial cell; HGF, hepatic growth factor; M-CSF, monocyte colony-stimulating factor; PLA2, phospholipase A2; SR-A, scavenger receptor-A; TIMP-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1.