Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of melanocortins
| Effect | Target Cell, Tissue, or Organ | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Reduced of production/expression of Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines | Macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, whole blood, liver | Cannon et al., 1986; Chiao et al., 1996, 1997; Lipton and Catania, 1997; Catania et al., 2000a; Luger et al., 2000; Moustafa et al., 2002 |
| Nitric oxide (NO) | Macrophages, microglia, melanocytes, keratinocytes | Star et al., 1995; Delgado et al., 1998; Altavilla et al., 2000; Gupta et al., 2000; Haycock et al., 2000; Tsatmali et al., 2000 |
| Oxygen peroxide | Keratinocytes, melanocytes | Haycock et al., 2000 |
| Adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM) | Endothelial cells, kidney, liver, heart | Chiao et al., 1996, 1997; Luger et al., 2000; Gatti et al., 2002; Scholzen et al., 2003 |
| Inhibition of white cell migration | Skin, lung, heart, kidney, liver, joints | Mason and Van Epps, 1989; Lipton et al., 1994; Catania et al., 1996; Chiao et al., 1996, 1997; Delgado Hernandez et al., 1999; Gatti et al., 2002; Getting et al., 2002 |