TABLE 1

Localization of mRNA of VPAC receptors in immune and immune-related cells

Cell Type Species VPAC1 VPAC2 PAC1 Comments References
HMC-1 (mast) Human + + ND ↓ Vpr2 mRNA after low PMA stimulation Groneberg et al., 2003
Skin mast cells Human ND + ND ↓ VPAC2 protein in atopic dermatitis Groneberg et al., 2003
HC3 (mast) Mouse − + − Waschek et al., 1995
Monocytes Human + − ND Resting monocytes Lara-Marquez et al., 2001
Monocytes Human ND + ND Resting monocytes Dewit et al., 1998
THP-1 (monocytic) Human + −(+) + Vpr2 mRNA after LPS stimulation Delgado and Ganea, 2001b
Raw 264.7 (macrophage) Mouse + −(+) + Vpr2 mRNA after LPS stimulation Delgado et al., 1998
Peritoneal macrophages Rat + ND ND Delgado et al., 1996c
Peritoneal macrophages Rat + ND + Pozo et al., 1997a
Osteclasts Mouse + − + Ransjo et al., 2000
Bone marrow Mouse + + + Ransjo et al., 2000
Osteoblasts Mouse −(+) + − Vpr1 mRNA after differentiation Lundberg et al., 2001
Osteoblasts Human + − − Togari et al., 1997
Alveolar macrophages Mouse + + ND ↑ Vpr1 mRNA after lung inflammation Kaltreider et al., 1997
Alveolar macrophages Human ND + ND Groneberg et al., 2001
Granuloma cells Mouse + + ND Vpr2 mRNA only in granuloma T cells Metwali et al., 1996
Splenic CD4+ T cells Mouse ND −(+) ND Inducible after CD3/anti-IL-4 mAb treatment Metwali et al., 2000
Lymphocytes Rat + ND ND Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes (B and T cells) Gomariz et al., 1994a
Thymocytes Rat + ND ND CD4+ CD8+; CD4− CD8+; CD4+ CD8− Delgado et al., 1996b
Lymphocytes Mouse + − ND Spleen B and T lymphocytes Waschek et al., 1995
Thymocytes/splenocytes Mouse + ND ND CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; no expression in B cells Johnson et al., 1996
Thymocytes/splenocytes Mouse + −(+) ND Vpr2 induced after CD3/PMA treatment Delgado et al., 1996a
Thymocytes/splenocytes Mouse + + ND Vpr2 mediated differentiation into CD4+ CD8− Pankhaniya et al., 1998
Thymocytes Human + + ND Vpr2 mainly expression Lara-Marquez et al., 2000
Intestinal T lymphocytes Mouse + + ND Vpr2 only in CD8+ T cells (CD8αβ and CD8αα) Qian et al., 2001
Peripheral lymphocytes Human + + ND ↓ Vpr1 after stimulation; low Vpr2 levels Lara-Marquez et al., 2001
Langerhans cells Mouse + + − Torii et al., 1997
Microglia Rat + − + Vpr2 expression unresponsive to LPS Kim et al., 2000
Microglia Mouse + − + Vpr2 expression unresponsive to LPS Delgado et al., 2002b
Keratinocytes Human + + − ↑ Vpr1 upon serum deprivation Granoth et al., 2001
Keratinocytes Human + − ND ↑ Vpr1 by IFNγ, IL-4, TNFα, and VIP Kakurai et al., 2001
Epithelial cells Thymus + ND ND Marie et al., 1999

  • ND, not determined in the cited reference.