Effective concentrations of procaine in smooth muscle
| Tissue | Animal Species | Experimental Details (Preparation; Measurement Method; Measured Response) | Effective Concentrations of Procaine | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anococcygeus | Rat | Isolated smooth muscle fibers; isotonic dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 μM-1 mM | Babul'ova et al., 1981 |
| Aorta | Rabbit | Isolated endothelium-denuded strips; fura-2 cellular loading, fluorometry, isometric dynamometry; [Ca2+]cyt, contractile activity | 10 mM | Ahn and Karaki, 1988 |
| Aorta | Rat | Isolated endothelium-intact or -denuded rings; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Huang et al., 1999 |
| Carotid artery | Sheep | Isolated smooth muscle strips; sucrose-gap; electrical activity, contractile activity | up to 50 mM | Jacobs and Kretinge, 1974 |
| Coronary artery | Dog | Isolated fibers; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Imai et al., 1984 |
| Coronary artery | Pig | Isolated intact or saponin-permeabilized smooth muscle cells; quin-2 cellular loading, 45Ca2+ cellular loading (intact or permeabilized); cellular Ca2+ fluxes, Ca2+ fluxes from intracellular stores, [Ca2+]cyt | 10 mM | Ueno et al., 1987 |
| Femoral artery | Rabbit | Isolated strips; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Yagi et al., 1985 |
| Mesenteric artery | Guinea pig | Isolated smooth muscle cells; microelectrode, alumina adsorption; membrane potential, excitatory junction potentials | 5 mM | Fujii et al., 1985 |
| Nasal mucosa | Dog | Isolated septal mucosa; dynamometry; contractile activity | 100 μM | Wang and Jackson, 1988 |
| Portal vein | Guinea pig | Isolated saponin- or β-escin-permeabilized strips; fluo-3 cellular loading, epifluorescence microscopy; [Ca2+]cyt imaging | 5 mM | Somlyo et al., 1992 |
| Portal vein | Guinea pig | Isolated saponin-permeabilized cells and strips; microelectrode, isometric dynamometry; membrane potential, contractile activity | 1 mM | Nanjo, 1984 |
| Portal vein | Guinea pig | Isolated smooth muscle cells and strips; microelectrode, isometric dynamometry; membrane potential, contractile activity | 1 mM | Hara et al., 1980 |
| Portal vein | Guinea pig | Isolated strips; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Yagi et al., 1985 |
| Pulmonary artery | Guinea pig | Isolated smooth muscle cells and strips; microelectrode, isometric dynamometry; membrane potential, contractile activity | 1 mM | Hara et al., 1980 |
| Pulmonary artery | Rabbit | Isolated smooth muscle cells; microelectrode, 42K+-cellular loading; membrane potential, K+ efflux | 5 mM | Casteels et al., 1977 |
| Pulmonary artery | Rabbit | Isolated smooth muscle cells and strips; double sucrose-gap, microelectrode, isometric dynamometry; membrane potential, ionic current, contractile activity | 5 and 10 mM | Ito et al., 1977 |
| Stomach (antrum, circular layer) | Guinea pig | Isolated circular muscle strips; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Itoh et al., 1982b |
| Taenia caeci | Guinea pig | Isolated endothelium-denuded strips; fura-2 cellular loading, fluorometry, isometric dynamometry; [Ca2+]cyt, contractile activity | 10 mM | Ahn and Karaki, 1988 |
| Taenia caeci | Guinea pig | Isolated strips without myenteric plexus; single sucrose gap, isotonic dynamometry; electrical activity, contractile activity | 30 μM-10 mM | Ishii and Shimo, 1984 |
| Taenia caeci | Guinea pig | Isolated strips; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Yagi et al., 1985 |
| Trachea | Cat | Isolated mucosa- and adventitia-denuded strips; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Ito and Itoh, 1984 |
| Trachea | Cattle | Isolated tissue; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 6 μM | Nakahara et al., 2000 |
| Trachea | Dog | Isolated mucosa- and adventitia-denuded strips; microelectrode, 86Rb+-cellular loading, isometric dynamometry; membrane potential, Rb+ efflux, contractile activity | 1-10 mM | Imaizumi and Watanabe, 1982 |
| Trachea | Guinea pig | Isolated smooth muscle fibers; isotonic dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 μM-1 mM | Babul'ova et al., 1981 |
| Trachea | Guinea pig | Isolated rings; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 7 μM-6 mM | Okumura and Denborough, 1980 |
| Trachea | Rabbit | Isolated α-toxin-permeabilized strips; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 20 mM | Iizuka et al., 1998 |
| Ureter | Guinea pig | Isolated strips; double sucrose-gap; membrane potential, contractile activity | 10 mM | Burdyga and Magura, 1986 |
| Urinary bladder | Guinea pig | Isolated strips; microelectrode, isometric dynamometry; membrane potential, contractile activity | 10 mM | Fujii et al., 1990 |
| Urinary bladder | Guinea pig | Isolated tissue; single sucrose-gap, microelectrode; membrane potential, contractile activity | 1, 7, and 15 mM | Kurihara and Sakai, 1976b |
| Urinary bladder | Guinea pig | Isolated tissue; single sucrose-gap; membrane potential, contractile activity | 15 mM | Kurihara, 1975 |
| Vas deferens | Rat | Isolated tissue; 45Ca2+ cellular loading, [3H]-myoinositol incubated, isometric dynamometry; Ca2+ fluxes, accumulation of inositol phosphates, contractile activity | 10 mM | Khoyi et al., 1993 |
| Vas deferens | Rat | Isolated segments; isometric dynamometry; contractile activity | 10 mM | Huang, 1995 |