Type of Nicotine Administrationa | Cmax b | Tmaxb,c | Bioavailability | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ng/ml | min | % | ||
Smoking (one cigarette, 5 min) | 15–30 (venous) | 5–8 (venous) | 80–90 (of inhaled nicotine) | Armitage et al., 1975; Russell et al., 1983; Benowitz et al., 1988; Henningfield et al., 1993; Rose et al., 1999; Lunell et al., 2000 |
(∼2 mg/cigaretted) | 20–60 (arterial) | 3–5 (arterial) | ||
Intravenous ∼5.1 mg (60 μg/kg, 30 min) | 30 (venous) | 30 (venous) | 100 | Gourlay and Benowitz, 1997 |
50 (arterial) | 30 (arterial) | |||
Nasal spray 1 mg | 5–8 (venous) | 11–18 (venous) | 60–80 | Johansson et al., 1991; Gourlay and Benowitz, 1997; Guthrie et al., 1999 |
10–15 (arterial) | 4–6 (arterial) | |||
Gum (30 min, total dose in gum) | Russell et al., 1980b, 1983 | |||
2 mg | 6–9 | 30 | 78 | Benowitz et al., 1988 |
4 mg | 10–17 | 30 | 55 | Stevens, 1994 |
Inhaler 4 mg released (one 10 mg cartridge, 20 min) | 8.1 | 30 | 51–56 | Molander et al., 1996; Schneider et al., 2001 |
Lozenge (20–30 min) | Choi et al., 2003 | |||
2 mg | 4.4 | 60 | 50 | |
4 mg | 10.8 | 66 | 79 | |
Sublingual tablet 2 mg (20–30 min) | 3.8 | ∼60 | 65 | Molander and Lunell, 2001 |
Tooth patch 2 mg | ∼3.2 | ∼120 | Slamowitz et al., 2000 | |
Transdermal patch (labeled dose) | Benowitz et al., 1991a, 1992 | |||
15 mg/16 h (Nicotrol) | 11–14 | 6–9 h | 75–100 | Gupta et al., 1993b |
14 mg/24 h (Nicoderm) | 11–16 | 4–7 h | Gupta et al., 1993a | |
21 mg/24 h (Nicoderm) | 18–23 | 3–7 h | 68 | Prather et al., 1993 |
21 mg/24 h (Habitrol) | 12–21 | 9–12 h | 82 | Gupta et al., 1995; Benowitz et al., 1997; Fant et al., 2000 |
Subcutaneous injection 2.4 mg | 15 | 25 | 100 | Le Houezec et al., 1993 |
Oral capsule 3–4 mg | 6–8 | 90 | 44 | Benowitz et al., 1991b |
Oral slow-release capsule (colonic absorption) | 2.2 | 7.5 h | Green et al., 1999 | |
6 mg | ||||
Oral solution | ||||
2 mg | 4.7 | 51 | Dempsey et al., 2004 | |
∼3.0 mg (45 μg/kg) | 2.9 | 66 | 20 | Zins et al., 1997 |
Enema | Zins et al., 1997 | |||
∼3.5 mg (45 μg/kg) | 2.3–3.1 | 20–80 | 15–25 | Green et al., 1997 |
6 mg | 6–9 | 45 | Green et al., 1998 |
↵ a Products in bold are currently marketed in the United States
↵ b Cmax and Tmax values are for peripheral venous blood unless otherwise indicated
↵ c Tmax values are measured from the start of the administration
↵ d Estimated dose of 2 mg of nicotine per cigarette is higher than the usual 1 to 1.5 mg per cigarette since nicotine absorption from smoking a single cigarette was studied after at least overnight abstinence from smoking in these studies