Treatment | Effect | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Low temperature | General inhibitor of endocytosis | Energy depletion | Lamaze and Schmid (1995) |
Metabolic inhibitors | General inhibitor of endocytosis | Energy depletion | Saraste et al. (1986) |
Potassium depletion | Specific inhibitor of CME | Dissociation of clathrin lattice | Larkin et al. (1983) |
Cytosol acidification | Specific inhibitor of CME | Dissociation of clathrin lattice | Sandvig et al. (1987) |
Hypertonic medium | Specific inhibitor of CME | Dissociation of clathrin lattice | Heuser and Anderson (1989) |
Chlorpromazine | Specific inhibitor of CME | Dissociation of clathrin lattice | Wang et al. (1993) |
Filipin | Specific inhibitor of caveolae | Cholesterol binding | Lamaze and Schmid (1995) |
Nystatin | Inhibitor of caveolae | Sequester cholesterol | Lamaze and Schmid (1995) |
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin | Inhibitor of caveolae | Deplete cholesterol | Lamaze and Schmid (1995); Zuhorn et al., (2002) |
Genestein | Inhibitor of caveolae | Tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Orlandi and Fishman (1998) |
Cytochalasins | Inhibitors of caveolae and macropinocytosis | Actin depolymerization | Parton et al. (1994) |
Amiloride | Specific inhibitor of macropinocytosis | Inhibits the Na+/H+ exchange protein | Hewlett et al. (1994) |
Phorbol esters | Specific stimulators of macropinocytosis | Protein kinase C activators | Lamaze and Schmid (1995) |
Wortmannin | Inhibitor of macropinocytosis | Phosphatidyl inositol-3-phosphate inhibitor | Arcaro and Wymann (1993) |
Monensin | Inhibitor of endosome maturation | Prevents endosome acidification | Mollenhauer et al. (1990) |
Chloroquine | Disrupting endosomes and lysosomes | Prevents endosome acidification and causes swelling to endosomes and lysosomes | de Duve et al. (1974); Wattiaux et al. (2000) |