Passenger leukocytes | Low-temperature culture to deplete resident islet macrophages (Lacy et al., 1979) |
| Administration of antibodies against MHC class II molecules (Faustman et al., 1981) |
Interleukin-1 | Generalized immunosuppression using steroids (Corbett et al., 1993) |
| Ex vivo gene therapy using IL-1 receptor antagonist (Gysemans et al., 2003) |
TNF-α | Administration of soluble TNF-α receptor (Farney et al., 1993) |
| Adv transfection of inhibitor of TNF-α (TNFi) (Dobson et al., 2000) |
Nitric oxide | Use of N-monomethyl arginine (Xenos et al., 1994) |
| Ex vivo gene knockdown of inducible nitric-oxide synthase |
T-cell activation | Anti-CD4 Ig to prevent T-cell activation (Shizuru et al., 1987; Lehmann et al., 1997) |
| Anti-CD154 (anti-CD40L) Ig to cause T-cell anergy (Markees et al., 1998; Zheng et al., 1999) |
| Intrathymic administration of MHC peptides (Chowdhury et al., 1998) |
| Coimplantation of soluble Fas ligand to cause apoptosis of T-cells (Judge et al., 1998) |
| Anti-CD45 antibody (Basadonna et al., 1998) |
| Use of CTLA4-Ig fusion protein (Tran et al., 1997) |