Pain | Antinociception | Rat, mouse | i.c.v., i.t. | Chapman et al. (1997); Stone et al. (1997); Zadina et al. (1997); Goldberg et al. (1998); Loh et al. (1998); Yamaguchi et al. (1998); Shane et al. (1999); Horvath et al. (1999); Przewlocki et al. (1999); Ronai et al. (1999); Sakurada et al. (1999); Sanchez-Blanquez et al. (1999) |
| | Rat | i.p. | Li et al. (2001) |
Tolerance | Development of tolerance to nociceptive stimulation | Rat, mouse | i.c.v./i.t. pretreatment followed by i.c.v. or i.t. administration | Stone et al. (1997); Higashida et al. (1998); Horvath et al. (1999); Wu et al. (2001, 2003); Hung et al. (2002); Labuz et al. (2002) |
Dependence | Withdrawal, development of physical dependence | Rat | i.c.v. | Chen et al. (2003) |
Locomotor activity | Hyperlocomotion | Rat, mouse | i.c.v., injection to VTA | Latimer et al. (1987); Calenco-Choukroun et al. (1991); Bujdoso et al. (2001, 2003) |
| Orofacial dyskinesia | Rat | Injection to globus pallidus | Delfs et al. (1994); Obeso et al. (2000) |
| No significant effect | Mouse | i.c.v. | Fichna et al. (2007) |
Behavioral sensitization, drug addiction, reward | Stimulation of sensitization to amphetamine | Rat | Injection to VTA | Chen et al. (2001) |
| Establishment of conditioned place preference | Rat, mouse | i.c.v., injections to posterior VTA | Narita et al. (2001a,b); Zangen et al. (2002); Huang et al. (2004) |
| Establishment of place aversion | Mouse | i.c.v. | Narita et al. (2001a,b) |
| No significant effect on conditioned place preference | Rat | i.c.v., injections to anterior VTA and Nac | Wilson et al. (2000); Zangen et al. (2002) |
Stress response | No significant effect on HPA axis | Rat | i.c.v. | Coventry et al. (2001) |
| No significant effect on corticosteroid release | Rat | i.c.v. | Coventry et al. (2001) |
| Stimulation of NO release followed by the stimulation of HPA axis | Rat | i.v. | Champion et al. (1999a) |
Anxiety | Anxiolytic | Mouse | i.c.v. | Asakawa et al. (1998) |
Depression | Antidepressant | Mouse | i.c.v. | Fichna et al. (2007) |
| No significant effect | Rat | i.c.v. | Zhang et al. (2006) |
Social defeat | Inhibition of expression of conditioned defeat | Syrian hamster | i.c.v. | Whitten et al. (2001) |
| No effect on consolidation of conditioned defeat | Syrian hamster | i.c.v. | Whitten et al. (2001) |
Food intake | Orexigenic | Mouse | i.c.v. | Asakawa et al. (1998) |
Sexual behavior | Inhibition of lordosis | Rat | Infusion into the mPOA or MS-HDB | Sinchak and Micevych (2001); Acosta-Martinez and Etgen (2002) |
| No significant effect | Rat | Infusion into VMH, mPOA, or MCG | Acosta-Martinez and Etgen (2002) |
Learning | Impairment of spontaneous alternation performance (short-term memory) | Mouse | i.c.v. | Ukai et al. (2000) |
| Impairment of passive avoidance learning (long-term memory) | Mouse | i.c.v. | Itoh et al. (1994); Ragozzino et al. (1994); Ukai et al. (1995b); Ukai and Lin (2002b) |
Cardiovascular | Decrease of systemic arterial pressure | Rat, mouse, cat, rabbit | i.v., i.c.v. | Champion et al. (1997a, 1998b, 1999a); Czapla et al. (1998); Kwok and Dun (1998); Makulska-Nowak et al. (2001) |
| Decrease of heart rate | Rat, mouse | i.v. | Champion et al. (1998c, 1999b) |
| No significant effect on cardiac output | Rat | i.v. | Champion et al. (1999b) |
Respiration | Biphasic effects (initial rapid ventilatory depression, followed by an increase in ventilation) | Rat | i.v. | Czapla et al. (2000) |
| Depression of ventilation by attenuation of ventilatory response to hypercapnia | Rat | i.v. | Czapla and Zadina (2005) |
| Increase of oxygen consumption | Mouse | i.c.v. | Asakawa et al. (2000) |
Neurotransmitter turnover | Increase of DA level in Nac | Rat | Microdialysis into Nac | Okutsu et al. (2006) |
| Stimulation of NA release in the spinal cord | Rat | i.t. | Hao et al. (2000) |
| Increase of 5-HT efflux | Rat | Microdialysis into DRN | Tao and Auerbach (2002) |
| Inhibition of the serotoninergic activity in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum | Rat | Injection into VTA | Chen et al. (2001) |
| Inhibition of OT and AVP cells | Rat | i.c.v. | Doi et al. (2001) |