Blood pressure response to prolonged tempol administration Mean values are shown for systolic blood pressure (SBP) or mean arterial pressure (MAP) and percent blood pressure response or percentage normalization of blood pressure. Tempol dose p.o. is concentration of tempol in the drinking water unless otherwise noted.
| Model | Control Model | Tempol Route of Delivery and Duration | n | Tempol Maximum Dose or Dose Used to Compare Groups | SBP or MAP | BP Response | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Normotensive | Experimental Hypertensive Group without Tempol | Experimental Group with Tempol | Change | Normalization | ||||||
| mm Hg | % | |||||||||
| Studies in hypertensive rats with systemic tempol | ||||||||||
| ACTH (0.2 (mg · kg)/d s.c.) | Vehicle | p.o. from 4 d before to 8 d after ACTH | 10 | 1 mM | 119 | 134 | 4 d, 118* | 4 d, –12 | 4 d, 106 | Zhang et al., 2003b |
| 8 d, 123 (N.S.) | 8 d, –8 | 8 d, 73 | ||||||||
| Aldosterone (0.75 μg/h s.c. + salt 1% for 6 wk) | Vehicle | p.o. for 6 wk | 8 | 3 mM | 118 | 165 | 125* | –24 | 85 | Nishiyama et al., 2004a |
| Aldosterone (0.75 μg/h s.c. for 6 wk) | Vehicle | p.o. for 6 wk | 7 | 1 mM | 123 | 170 | 149* | –12 | 45 | Iglarz et al., 2004 |
| Ang II [5 (ng · kg)/min i.v. for 15 d] | Vehicle | p.o. for 15 d | 6 | 1 mM | 119 | 151 | 119* | –21 | 100 | Ortiz et al., 2001a |
| Ang II [100 (ng · kg)/min s.c. ± 8% salt diet for 12 d] | Vehicle | p.o. for 12 d | 5 | 1 mM | 127 | 184 | 150* | –18 | 60 | Ogihara et al., 2002 |
| Ang II [200 (ng · kg)/min s.c. for 2 wk] | Vehicle | s.c. minipump for 2 wk | 8–11 | 200 (nmol · kg)/min | 104† | 146† | 116†* | –21 | 71 | Welch et al., 2005a |
| Ang II [300 (ng · kg)/min s.c. for 7 d] | Vehicle | p.o. for 7 d | 8 | 2 mM | 125 | 186 | 142* | –24 | 72 | Hattori et al., 2005 |
| BSO (30 mM for 2 wk] | SD | p.o. for 2 wk | 8 | 1 mM | 100† | 123† | 104†* | –15 | 82 | Banday et al., 2007a |
| BSO (30 mM) + HS for 2 wk | HS | p.o. for 12 d | 8 | 1 mM | 112† | 143† | 107†* | –25 | 116 | Banday et al., 2007c |
| Capsaicin-4% salt (WKY) | None | p.o. (gavage) for 3 wk | 5–6 | 1 (mmol · kg)/d | 113 | 150 | 150 (N.S.) | 0 | 0 | Song et al., 2004 |
| Cyclosporine [30 (mg · kg)/d s.c.) | Vehicle | p.o. for 3 wk | 7 | 3 mM | 119 | 145 | 115* | –21 | 115 | Nishiyama et al., 2003 |
| Dexamethasone [10 (μg · kg)/d s.c.] | Vehicle-infused | p.o. from 4 d before to 8 d after Dex | 10 | 1 mM | 122 | 136 | 4 d, 128* | 4 d, –6 | 4 d, 57 | Zhang et al., 2004b |
| 8 d, 122* | 8 d, –10 | 8 d, 100 | ||||||||
| DOCA-salt | Sham | p.o. for 3 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 107† | 161† | 108†* | –33 | 100 | Ghosh et al., 2004 |
| DOCA-salt | SD/sham-salt | i.p. for 3 wk | 8 | 87 (μmol · kg)/d | 119† | 164† | 123†* | –25 | 91 | Adeagbo et al., 2003 |
| DOCA-salt | Sham | i.p. for 3 wk | 8 | 87 (μmol · kg)/d | 130 | 203 | 151* | –26 | 71 | Awe et al., 2003 |
| DOCA-salt | Sham | p.o. for 5 wk | 13 | 1 mM | 118 | 200 | 176* | –12 | 29 | Nakano et al., 2003 |
| DOCA-salt | Sham | p.o. for 4 wk | 10 | 1 mM | 113 | 199 | 142* | –29 | 66 | Beswick et al., 2001 |
| DSS/8% salt | DSS LS and DSR | p.o. for 10 wk | 9 | 3 mM | 120 | 220 | 191* | –13 | 29 | Guo et al., 2006 |
| DSS/8% salt | DSS LS | p.o. for 5 wk | 5 | 10 mM | 144 | 224 | 186* | –17 | 47 | Hisaki et al., 2005 |
| DSS/8% salt | DSS LS | p.o. for 4 wk | 8 | 3 mM | 107 | 184 | 128* | –30 | 73 | Kobori and Nishiyama, 2004 |
| DSS/8% salt | DSS/NS | p.o. for 3 wk | 34 | 1 mM | 148 | 233 | 199* | –15 | 40 | Bayorh et al., 2006 |
| DSS + salt | DSS LS | i.v. for 3 wk | 7 | 3 (mmol · kg)/d | 122† | 140† | 118†* | –16 | 102 | Meng et al., 2003 |
| DSS + 8% NaCl | DSS LS | p.o. for 4 wk | 8 | 3 mM | 113 | 185 | 128* | –31 | 79 | Nishiyama et al., 2004b |
| DSS + 8% NaCl | DSR | p.o. for 8–10 wk | 20 | 1 mM | 124 | 179 | 132* | –26 | 85 | Ozawa et al., 2004 |
| ET-1 [5 (pmol · kg)/min]-8% salt | Vehicle-treated, normal salt | p.o. for 12 d | 7–10 | 1 mM | 114† | 132† | 127† (N.S.) | –4 | 28 | Elmarakby et al., 2005 |
| ET-1 [5 (pmol · kg)/min]-8% salt | Tempol untreated | s.c. for 12 d | 7–10 | 170 (μmol · kg)/d | 114† | 138† | 134† (N.S.) | –3 | 16 | Elmarakby et al., 2005 |
| ET-1 [5 (pmol · kg)/min] i.v. | Vehicle-infused | i.v. for 9 d | 6 | 170 (μmol · kg)/d | 125† | 141† | 127†* | –10 | 87 | Sedeek et al., 2003 |
| ET-B antagonist (A-192621) p.o. | Vehicle-treated | p.o. for 1 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 100† | 117† | 117† (N.S.) | 0 | 0 | Williams et al., 2004 |
| ET-B antagonist-10% salt p.o. | Vehicle-treated, 10% salt | p.o. for 1 wk | 6 | 1 mM | Day 3, 110† | Day 3, 135† | Day 3, 120†* | Day 3, –11 | Day 3, 60 | Williams et al., 2004 |
| Day 7, 110† | Day 7, 138† | Day 7, 138† (N.S.) | Day 7, 0 | Day 7, 0 | ||||||
| Fructose-fed | Fructose untreated | p.o. for 4 wk | 7 | 1 mM | 101† | 128† | 103†* | –19 | 93 | Onuma and Nakanishi, 2004 |
| Hyperthyroid (s.c. thyroxine for 6 wk) | Vehicle-infused | p.o. for 6 wk | 8 | 1 mM | 120† | 147† | 127†* | –14 | 74 | Moreno et al., 2005 |
| High salt 10% | Normal salt | p.o. for 1 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 98† | 112† | 100†* | –11 | 85 | Williams et al., 2004 |
| Inducible renin transgene-8% salt | Pre-salt loading | p.o. for 10 d | 6 | 2 mM | 137 | 171 | 148* | –13 | 63 | Howard et al., 2005 |
| Intermittent hypoxia (sleep apnea) | SD | p.o. for 2 wk | ? | 1 mM | 101 | 118 | 107* | –9 | 65 | Troncoso Brindeiro et al., 2007 |
| 1K,1C | Sham UNX | p.o. for 2 wk | 6 | 2 mM | 95† | 159† | 139†* | –13 | 31 | Dobrian et al., 2001 |
| 1K,1C (10 wk) | Sham | p.o. for 5 wk | 5 | 1 mM | 130 | 170 | 135* | –21 | 90 | Christensen et al., 2007b |
| 2K,1C | Sham | s.c. minipump for 13 d | 8 | 288 (μmol · kg)/d | 105† | 148† | 118†* | –20 | 70 | Welch et al., 2003 |
| Lead (100 ppm for 12 wk) | SD without lead in diet | i.p. for 2 wk | 6 | 15 (mmol · kg)/d | 122 | 173 | 143* | –17 | 59 | Vaziri et al., 2001 |
| Leptin | Leptin untreated | p.o. for 7 d | 8 | 2 mM | 126 | 152 | 128* | –16 | 92 | Beltowski et al., 2005 |
| Offspring of protein-malnourished mothers | Offspring of normal mothers | p.o. for 13 wk including 3 wk pre-HTN | 14–19 | 2 mM | 130 | 143 | 130* | –9 | 100 | Stewart et al., 2005 |
| Obese Zucker | Lean | p.o. for 15 d | 10 | 1 mM | 89† | 110† | 100†* | –9 | 48 | Banday et al., 2005 |
| Five-sixths nephrectomy (infarction) | Sham | IP for 10 d | 10 | 1.5 (mmol · kg)/d for 10 d | 118 | 145 | 122* | –8 | 85 | Hasdan et al., 2002 |
| Five-sixths nephrectomy | Sham | p.o. for 1 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 120 | 180 | 150* | –17 | 50 | Vaziri et al., 2003a |
| Five-sixths nephrectomy | Sham | IP for 10 d | 10 | 1.5 (mmol · kg)/d | 118 | 145 | 122* | –16 | 85 | Hasdan et al., 2002 |
| Ren-2 transgenic rat | SD | p.o. for 3 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 115† | 197† | 194† (N.S.) | –2 | 3 | Whaley-Connell et al., 2007 |
| SD + HS + BSO (30 mM for 12 d) | HS | p.o. for 12 d | 8 | 1 mM | 112† | 142† | 114†* | –20 | 93 | Banday et al., 2007d |
| SHR | WKY | p.o. or s.c. for 2 wk | 6–8 | 2 mM 200 (nmol · kg)/min by minipump | 104† | p.o., 147† | p.o., 128†* | p.o., 13* | p.o., 45 | Welch et al., 2005b |
| 104† | s.c., 150† | s.c., 126†* | s.c., –16* | s.c., 52 | ||||||
| SHR | WKY | p.o. from wk 6–11 | 6 | 1 mM | 143 | 171 | 137* | –20* | 105 | Nabha et al., 2005 |
| SHR | SD | p.o. for 5 - 15 d | 10 | 1 mM | 5 d, 118† | 5 d, 149† | 5 d, 143† (N.S.) | 5 d, –4 | 20 | de Richelieu et al., 2005 |
| 15 d, 124† | 15 d, 179† | 15 d, 165† (N.S.) | 15 d, –8 | 25 | ||||||
| SHR | WKY | p.o. from 0–15 wk | 6–12 | 170 (μmol · kg)/d | 100† | 181† | 156†* | –14 | 30 | Fortepiani and Reckelhoff, 2005 |
| SHR | WKY | p.o. from 9–15 wk | 6–12 | 170 (μmol · kg)/d | 100† | 195† | 163†* | –16 | 34 | Fortepiani and Reckelhoff, 2005 |
| SHR | Untreated SHR | p.o. for 4 d at 13–14 wk | 10 | 1 mM | 108† (WKY) | 199† | 177†* | –11 | 24 | Feng et al., 2001 |
| SHR | Untreated SHR | p.o. for 7 wk from 5–12 wk | 7 | 1 mM | 108† (WKY) | 187† | 167†* | –11 | 25 | Feng et al., 2001 |
| SHR | WKY | p.o. for 2 wk | 8 | 1 mM | 118† | 162† | 134†* | –17 | 63 | Schnackenberg and Wilcox, 1999 |
| SHR | WKY | i.p. for 7 d | 7 | 1.5 (mmol · kg)/d | 97† | 133† | 120†* | –10 | 36 | Schnackenberg et al., 1998 |
| SHR aging (16 mo) | Untreated SHR | p.o. for 8 mo from 8–16 mo | 6 | 6 mM | 108† | 185† | 160†* | –14 | 34 | Fortepiani et al., 2003 |
| SHR aging (16 mo) | Untreated SHR | p.o. for 8 mo | 10 | 1 mM | 108† | 188† | 161†* | –14 | 33 | Payne et al., 2003 |
| SHR aging female (16 mo) | Untreated SHR female | p.o. for 8 mo from 8–16 mo | 6 | 6 mM | 108† | 195† | 195† (N.S.) | 0 | 0 | Fortepiani et al., 2003 |
| SHR female | WKY | p.o. from 0–15 wk | 6–12 | 170 (μmol · kg)/d | 101† | 172† | 127†* | –26 | 63 | Fortepiani and Reckelhoff, 2005 |
| SHR female | WKY | p.o. from 9–15 wk | 6–12 | 170 (μmol · kg)/d | 101† | 160† | 159† (N.S.) | –1 | 1 | Fortepiani and Reckelhoff, 2005 |
| SHRSP, Mg2+-deficient | Untreated SHRSP | p.o. for 7 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 108 | 240 | 195* | –19 | 30 | Touyz et al., 2002 |
| SHRSP, 4% salt | Untreated SHRSP | p.o. for 6 wk | 6 | 1 mM | 108 | 260 | 220* | –15 | 25 | Park et al., 2002 |
| UNX, aldosterone (0.75 μg/h), s.c. salt 8% for 6 wk | Vehicle | p.o. for 4 wk | 27 | 6 mM | 139 | 236 | 131* | –45 | 100 | Shibata et al., 2007 |
| UNX, aldosterone (75 pg/h), 1% NaCl for 3 wk | Vehicle | p.o. for 3 wk | ? | 2 mM | 118 | 186 | 158* | –8 | 41 | Hirono et al., 2007 |
| Studies in hypertensive rats with intracerebroventricular tempol | ||||||||||
| SHR | Untreated SHR | i.c.v. for 2 wk | 6 | 13.2 μmol/d | 163 | 209 | 210 (N.S.) | 0 | 0 | Kagiyama et al., 2000 |
| Studies in hypertensive mice with systemic tempol | ||||||||||
| Ang II (0.7 (mg · kg)/d), WT mice | Vehicle | s.c. for 2 wk | 6 | 28 (mmol · kg)/d | 95 | 154 | 128* | –17 | 44 | Dikalova et al., 2005 |
| Ang II (0.7 (mg · kg)/d), Nox-1-overexpressing mice | Vehicle | s.c. for 2 wk | 6 | 28 (mmol · kg)/d | 95 | 175 | 138* | –21 | 46 | Dikalova et al., 2005 |
| ET-B-deficient; 8% NaCl | WT; 8% NaCl | p.o. for 1 wk | 20 | 1 mM | 134 | 183 | 143* | –22 | 82 | Sullivan et al., 2006 |
| ET-B-deficient; 8% NaCl | WT; 8% NaCl | p.o. for 2 wk | 20 | 1 mM | 134 | 174 | 158* | –9 | 40 | Sullivan et al., 2006 |
HS, high salt; LS, low salt; DSR, Dahl salt-resistant rat; UNX, uninephrectomized; Dex, dexamethasone; NS, normal salt; HTN, hypertension; ?, unknown; i.c.v., intracerebroventricular; WT, wild type; ACTH, adrenocorticotropin; d, day(s); wk, week(s); mo, month(s)
↵* Significant change with tempol
↵† Value is for MAP