R16G/Q27E | Expression of receptor variants in cell lines | Arg16, increased agonist-induced receptor down-regulation; Gln27 completely resistant to down-regulation |
Green et al., 1994
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T164I | Functional analysis including transgenic animals | Ile164 is dysfunctional variant |
Turki et al., 1996
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R16G/Q27E | Expression of β2 receptors on lymphocytes; receptor coupling | No effect observed |
Lipworth et al., 1999
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R16G | Salbutamol application in 57 volunteers | Gly16Gly16 decreased vasodilation |
Gratze et al., 1999
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R16G/Q27E | Functional analysis of human lung mast cells | Gly16 and Glu27 resistant to agonist-induced down-regulation |
Chong et al., 2000
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R16G/Q27E | Functional analysis of human airway smooth muscle cells | Glu27 associated with increased down-regulation |
Moore et al., 2000
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R16G | Hemodynamic terbutaline responses in 20 volunteers | No major differences; increased limb blood flow at highest terbutaline doses in Gly16 carriers |
Hoit et al., 2000
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R16G/Q27E | Brachial artery infusion with isoproterenol in 127 volunteers | Heterozygous Gln27 and homozygous Arg16 lower baseline blood flow, attenuated isoproterenol effect |
Cockcroft et al., 2000
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R16G/Q27E | Isoproterenol-mediated venodilation in 26 volunteers | Arg16 increased agonist-mediated desensitization; Glu27 increased agonist-mediated responsiveness |
Dishy et al., 2001
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R16G/Q27E | Down-regulation of β2-AR on lymphocytes upon treatment with terbutaline for 2 weeks in 23 healthy volunteers | No difference in extent of down-regulation; delayed onset in homozygous carriers of Glu27 |
Bruck et al., 2003a
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T164I | Hand vein responses upon isoproterenol and phenylephrine in 26 volunteers | Ile, 5-fold reduction in sensitivity to vasodilatation and increased vasoconstriction |
Dishy et al., 2004
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T164I | Hemodynamic terbutaline responses in 16 volunteers | Ile, blunted terbutaline-induced heart rate increase and contractility; reduced desensitization |
Bruck et al., 2003b
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R16G/Q27E | Hemodynamic terbutaline responses in 32 volunteers | Glu27 homozygotes desensitize more slowly |
Bruck et al., 2003c
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Q27E | Outcome in 80 heart failure patients treated with carvedilol | Gln27 homozygotes lower proportion of good carvedilol responders |
Kaye et al., 2003
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R16G/Q27E | Terbutaline effects on hand vein dilation in 27 volunteers at baseline and after two terbutaline treatment | Desensitization Arg16Gln27>Arg16Gln27>Gly16Glu27 |
Bruck et al., 2005
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R16G/Q27E | 199 heart failure patients treated with β-blockers | No differences in heart rate and ejection fraction before and after β-blocker therapy |
de Groote et al., 2005
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T164I | Cardiac contractile responses to terbutaline in 55 subjects | Ile, blunted terbutaline-induced contractile response; adverse course in heart failure |
Barbato et al., 2007
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R16G/Q27E | Registry study with 637 heart failure patients treated with metoprolol or carvedilol | No difference in survival rates |
Sehnert et al., 2008
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R16G/Q27E | Follow-up of 5895 coronary artery disease patients treated with atenolol or verapamil | No difference in event rates |
Pacanowski et al., 2008
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