Factor | Comments | Effect | System | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute exercise bout | Cycling exercise | ↑ | Human vastus lateralis | Watt et al., 2004; Mahoney et al., 2005; Russell et al., 2005 |
Exercise training | 3 and 6 weeks of exercise training | ↑ | Tibialis anterior, mouse | Luquet et al., 2003 |
6 weeks of endurance training | ↑ | Human vastus lateralis | Russell et al., 2003 | |
4 months of moderate walking exercise | ↑ | Human vastus lateralis | Fritz et al., 2006 | |
Inactivity | 1-day muscle hind limb unloading | ↑ | Mouse soleus | Mazzatti et al., 2008 |
12-day muscle hind limb unloading | ↔ | Mouse soleus | Mazzatti et al., 2008 | |
Lipids | Reduction in circulating lipids using nicotinic acid | ↑ | Human vastus lateralis | Watt et al., 2004 |
Fasting | 6-h fast | ↑ | Rat skeletal muscle | de Lange et al., 2006 |
48-h fast | ↔ | Rat skeletal muscle | de Lange et al., 2006 | |
12-h fast | ↔ | Rat skeletal muscle | Escher et al., 2001 | |
24-h fast | ↑ | Mouse gastrocnemius muscle | Holst et al., 2003 | |
48-h fast | ↓ | Human vastus lateralis | Tsintzas et al., 2006 | |
Age | Increasing age | ↓ | Human vastus lateralis | Nilsson et al., 2007 |
Pathology | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | ↓ | Human quadriceps femoris | Remels et al., 2007 |
Spinal cord injury | ↓ | Human vastus lateralis | Krämer et al., 2006 |
↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, nochange.