Localization and relative abundance of PACAP mRNA and PACAP–like immunoreactivity in the rat brain
| Structures | mRNA | Cell Bodies | Fibers | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telencephalon | ||||
| Olfactory bulb | ||||
| Anterior olfactory nucleus | ++ | Skoglösa et al., 1999c | ||
| Cerebral cortex | ||||
| Cingulate cortex | ++ | –/+ | + | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
| Cortex extract | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
| Endopyriform nucleus | + | – | Köves et al., 1994b | |
| Entorhinal cortex | + | + | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b | |
| Frontal cortex | + | + | Ghatei et al., 1993; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Skoglösa et al., 1999c | |
| Hind limb area | + | Köves et al., 1994b | ||
| Olfactory area | ++ | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Neocortical area | ++ | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Septum | ||||
| Lateral septal nucleus | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Septofimbrial nucleus | – | + | Köves et al., 1991 | |
| Septohippocampal nucleus | – | + | Köves et al., 1994b | |
| Amygdaloid complex | ++ | + | Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Basal lateral nucleus | –/+ | –/+ | Köves et al., 1991; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Medial nucleus | –/+ | –/+ | Köves et al., 1991; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis | –/++ | ++/+++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Kozicz et al., 1997 | |
| Central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral div. | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Central amygdaloid nucleus, medial div. | – | ++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Lateral amygdaloid nucleus | + | – | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b | |
| Medial amygdaloid nucleus | ++ | Murase et al., 1995 | ||
| Hippocampal formation | ||||
| CA1 | + | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
| CA2 | + | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
| CA3 | + | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
| Dentate gyrus | ++ | –/++ | + | Köves et al., 1994b; Murase et al., 1995; Piggins et al., 1996; Skoglösa et al., 1999c; Hannibal, 2002 |
| “Middle layer” | ++ | ++ | Köves et al., 1991 | |
| Diagonal band of Broca | + | + | Köves et al., 1994b | |
| Medial forebrain bundle | + | + | Köves et al., 1994b | |
| Lamina terminalis | ||||
| Organum vasculosum | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Diencephalon | ||||
| Epithalamus | ||||
| Lateral habenular nucleus | +++ | – | + | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Skoglösa et al., 1999c) |
| Pineal gland | ++ | Møller et al., 1999 | ||
| Thalamus | ||||
| Central medial nucleus | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b | |
| Mediodorsal nucleus | ++ | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
| Paraventricular nucleus, post. part | ++ | + | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994b; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
| Hypothalamus | ||||
| Anterior commissure | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Anterior commissural nucleus | ++ | – | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b | |
| Anterior hypothalamic area | –/+ | –/++ | Köves et al., 1994a,b; Piggins et al., 1996; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Arcuate nucleus | ++ | –/++ | –/++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Köves et al., 1994a,b; Murase et al., 1995; Piggins et al., 1996; Das et al., 2007 |
| Dorsomedial nuclei | ++ | Das et al., 2007 | ||
| Hypothalamic extract | +++ | Ghatei et al., 1993; Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
| Intermediate hypothalamus nucleus | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995b; Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Lateral anterior hypothalamic nucleus | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995b | ||
| Lateral hypothalamic area | –/++ | –/+ | Hannibal et al., 1995b; Piggins et al., 1996; Das et al., 2007 | |
| Habenular nuclei | ++ | ++ | Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Medial preoptic area | ++ | Hannibal et al., 1995b; Das et al., 2007 | ||
| Mediobasal hypothalamus | ++ | ++ | Dürr et al., 2007 | |
| Supramammillary nuclei | ++ | Das et al., 2007 | ||
| Ventromedial nuclei | ++ | ++ | Dürr et al., 2007; Das et al., 2007 | |
| Ventricular system | ||||
| Subfornical organ | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Median eminence, internal zone | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Kimura et al., 1994; Tamada et al., 1994; Hannibal et al., 1995b; Mikkelsen et al., 1995 | |
| Median eminence, external zone | – | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Kimura et al., 1994; Tamada et al., 1994; Hannibal et al., 1995a; Hannibal et al., 1995b; Mikkelsen et al., 1995; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Paraventricular nucleus | ++ | +/+++ | ++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Kimura et al., 1994; Tamada et al., 1994; Hannibal et al., 1995a,b |
| Perifornical nucleus | + | + | Köves et al., 1991 | |
| Periventricular nucleus | + | +/+++ | Köves et al., 1991, 1994a,b; Kivipelto et al., 1992; Hannibal et al., 1995a; Piggins et al., 1996 | |
| Tuber cinereum | ++ | ++ | Piggins et al., 2001 | |
| Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus | +++ | ++ | +++ | Hannibal et al., 1995a; Skoglösa et al., 1999c |
| Mesencephalon | ||||
| Central gray | – | + | Kivipelto et al., 1992 | |
| Periaqueductal white matter | + | Tajti et al., 2001 | ||
| Pretectum | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray | ++ | Das et al., 2007 | ||
| Metencephalon | ||||
| Cerebellum | + | Skoglösa et al., 1999b | ||
| Cerebellum extract | –/++ | Ghatei et al., 1993; Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
| Granular layer | – | – | –/++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1998b |
| Molecular layer | – | – | –/++ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1998b |
| Purkinje layer | –/+ | –/++ | –/+ | Kivipelto et al., 1992; Mikkelsen et al., 1994; Nielsen et al., 1998b; Skoglösa et al., 1999b; Hannibal, 2002 |
| Cochlear nuclei | + | Kawano et al., 2001; Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Choroid plexus | + | Hannibal, 2002 | ||
| Myelencephalon | ||||
| Brainstem | ||||
| Brainstem extract | –/++ | Ghatei et al., 1993; Hannibal et al., 1995a | ||
| Locus ceruleus | + | Tajti et al., 2001; Ahnaou et al., 2006; Farnham et al., 2008 | ||
| Pontine nucleus | + | + | Hannibal, 2002; Ahnaou et al., 2006 | |
| Lateral parabrachial nucleus | + | + | + | Hannibal, 2002 |
| Vagal complex | + | + | Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Medulla oblongata | ||||
| A1 noradrenergic cells | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Nucleus ambiguus | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Area postrema | – | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Caudal raphe nuclei | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Dorsal vagal nucleus | ++ | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
| External cuneate nucleus | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Hypoglossal nucleus | + | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
| Magnocellular lateral reticular nucleus | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Pyramidal tract | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Raphe obscurus nucleus | + | + | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
| Raphe pallidus nucleus | + | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | |
| Solitary nucleus commissural sub. | ++ | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Solitary nucleus medial subnucleus | ++ | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Spinal trigeminal nucleus caudal sub. | – | +++ | Légrádi et al., 1994; Hannibal, 2002 | |
| Ventral medullary surface | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 | ||
| Ventrolateral medulla | ++ | Légrádi et al., 1994 |
div., division; post., posterior; sub., subnucleus.
The symbols provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of the density of PACAP mRNA and PACAP- immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers: +++, high density; ++, moderate density; +, low density; –, no hybridization signal or no immunoreactivity.