Localization and relative abundance of PACAP receptor mRNAs in the rat brain
| Structures | PAC1–R | VPAC1–R | VPAC2–R | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telencephalon | ||||
| Olfactory bulb | +++ | + | + | Hashimoto et al., 1993; Lutz et al., 1993; Usdin et al., 1994; Jaworski and Proctor, 2000 |
| Anterior olfactory nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Glomerular layer | +++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a | ||
| Internal granular layer | +++ | – | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Mitral cell layer | –/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a, 2000 | ||
| Olfactory tubercle | ++/+++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Cerebral cortex | ++ | –/+ | Ishihara et al., 1992; Lutz et al., 1993; Usdin et al., 1994 | |
| Cingulate cortex | ++/+++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a | ||
| Entorhinal cortex | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a | ||
| Frontal cortex | + | Shioda et al., 1997a, 1999a | ||
| Parietal cortex | + | Shioda et al., 1997a, 1999a | ||
| Piriform cortex | +++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Astrocytes (during astrogliosis) | ++ | Suzuki et al., 2003 | ||
| Pyramidal cells | ++ | Zhou et al., 2000 | ||
| Septum | ||||
| Dorsal septal nucleus | + | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Lateral septal nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Medial septal nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Basal ganglia | ||||
| Accumbens nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Amygdaloid complex | ||||
| Basal lateral nucleus | –/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Central nucleus | ++ | – | +++ | Hashimoto et al., 1993; Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Medial nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Posteromedial cortical nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Hippocampus | +++ | + | Ishihara et al., 1992; Lutz et al., 1993; Usdin et al., 1994 | |
| CA1–3, pyramidal cells | –/++ | ++ | + | Hashimoto et al., 1993; Sheward et al., 1995; Hashimoto et al., 1996b; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a, 2000 |
| CA1–3, nonpyramidal cells | +/+++ | ++ | + | Sheward et al., 1995; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Dentate gyrus | +++ | ++ | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1993, 1996b; Lutz et al., 1993; Sheward et al., 1995; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a; Jaworski and Proctor, 2000 |
| Diagonal band of Broca | ++ | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | |
| Diencephalon | ||||
| Epithalamus | ||||
| Lateral habenular nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Medial habenular nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Pineal gland | –/+ | +/++ | –/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Olcese et al., 1996; Simonneaux et al., 1998 |
| Subthalamus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a | ||
| Zona incerta | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Thalamus | ++ | – | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Zhou et al., 2000 |
| Centrolateral nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Centromedial nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Intermediodorsal nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Mediodorsal nucleus | +/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Paracentral nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Parafascicular nucleus | + | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Paraventricular nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a | ||
| Reuniens nucleus | + | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Rhomboid nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Ventral posterolateral nucleus | + | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Ventromedial nucleus | ++ | + | – | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Hypothalamus | ++ | – | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Zhou et al., 2000 |
| Arcuate nucleus | ++ | – | + | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Dorsomedial nucleus | ++ | – | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Lateral hypothalamic area | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Medial mammillary nucleus | + | – | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Paraventricular nucleus | +++ | – | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Sheward et al., 1995; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Preoptic nucleus | ++/+++ | – | + | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Supramammillary nucleus | ++ | – | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Supraoptic nucleus | ++/+++ | – | + | Usdin et al., 1994; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Cagampang et al., 1998 |
| Ventromedial nucleus | ++/+++ | – | –/++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Sheward et al., 1995; Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus | ++ | – | +/++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Sheward et al., 1995; Shioda et al., 1997a; Cagampang et al., 1998; Shinohara et al., 1999 |
| Mesencephalon | ||||
| Dorsal tegmental nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Inferior colliculus | +/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Interpeduncular nucleus, lateral part | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus | + | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Oculomotor nucleus | + | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Raphe nuclei | +/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Substantia nigra | +/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Superior colliculus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Metencephalon | ||||
| Cerebellum | ||||
| Purkinje cells | –/+++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a, 2000 | ||
| Granular layers | +++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a; Zhou et al., 1999a; Basille et al., 2000a | ||
| Cerebellar nuclei | –/+ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Myelencephalon | ||||
| Brainstem | ++ | Usdin et al., 1994 | ||
| Abducens nucleus | +/++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Ambiguus nucleus | + | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Area postrema | +++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Cochlear nuclei | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Facial nucleus | ++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Hypoglossal nucleus | +++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Lateral parabrachial nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Lateral paragigantocellular nucleus | ++/+++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Locus coeruleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Nuclei of the trigeminal complex | ++ | Sheward et al., 1995; Hashimoto et al., 1996a | ||
| Nucleus of the solitary tract | ++ | +++ | Usdin et al., 1994; Shioda et al., 1997a | |
| Pedunculopontine | –/++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Periolivary region | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Pontine nuclei | ++/+++ | – | +++ | Hashimoto et al., 1996a; Shioda et al., 1997a |
| Prepositus hypoglossal nucleus | + | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Raphe nuclei | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Spinal trigeminal nucleus | ++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Vagal complex | +++ | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Vestibular nuclei | + | Shioda et al., 1997a | ||
| Spinal cord | ||||
| Motor neurons | +++ | +++ | Zhou et al., 1999b, 2001 |
The symbols provide a semi-quantitative evaluation of the density of PAC1-R, VPAC1-R, and VPAC2-R mRNA: +++, high density; ++, moderate density; +, low density; –, no hybridization.