Major factors affecting individual drug response
| Factors | Effects |
|---|---|
| Genetic Factors | Major variables; stable and inherited |
| Therapeutic targets | Drug efficacy (pharmacodynamics) |
| Drug-metabolizing enzymes | Drug metabolism (pharmacokinetics) |
| Drug transporters | Drug disposition (pharmacokinetics) |
| Targets of adverse drug reactions | Drug toxicity (pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics) |
| Factors with indirect effects | Drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity |
| Other Factors | Mostly transient |
| Environmental factors | Drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity |
| Environmental chemicals, coadministered drugs, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and dietary constituents | |
| Physiological factors | Drug efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity |
| Age, sex, disease state, pregnancy, exercise, circadian rhythm, and starvation |