TABLE 3

Clinical improvement of Parkinsonism with nicotine treatment correlates best with study design

Parkinsonism was assessed by measurement of a variety of different outcomes, including testing of fine motor skills, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, posture, hand and finger dexterity, or by using the following rating scales: the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Hoehn and Yahr, Columbia University, and Schwab-England.

Study Design	Improve Parkinsonism	Nicotine Formulation	No. of Patients	Treatment Regimen			References
Study Design	Improve Parkinsonism	Nicotine Formulation	No. of Patients	Duration of Dose Titration	Duration of Maintenance Dose	Maintenance Dose/Day	References
Open-label	Yes	Smoking/ nicotine gum	6	Chronic smoker			Ishikawa and Miyatake, 1993
	Yes	Intravenous nicotine and patch	15	2 weeks	1–2 weeks	14 mg	Kelton et al., 2000
	Yes	Nicotine gum	8	N.D.	1 day	N.A.	Mitsuoka et al., 2002
	Yes	Smoking	1	Chronic smoker			Hanagasi et al., 2007
	Yes	Nicotine patch	6	14 weeks	4 weeks	Up to 105 mg	Villafane et al., 2007
	No	Nicotine patch	22	22 day	3 day	21 mg	Lemay et al., 2004
Double-blinded	No	Nicotine gum	48	N.D.	1 day	3 × 2 mg	Clemens et al., 1995
	No	Nicotine patch	16	N.D.	12 h	7 mg	Ebersbach et al., 1999
	No	Nicotine patch	32	1 week	2 weeks	14 mg	Vieregge et al., 2001
	No	SIB-1508Y	77	2 weeks	2 weeks	10 mg	Parkinson Study Group, 2006
	Yes	Nicotine gum and patch	2	≥7 months		15 mg patch + 4 × 4 mg gum	Fagerström et al., 1994

N.D., not determined; N.A., not available.