Representative studies showing relation between maternal separation and drug reward
| Reference | Animal | Maternal Separation (Short ≤15 min Long ≥60 min) | Outcome Variable | Drug | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stimulants | |||||
| Campbell and Spear (1999) | Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats | Short | CPP | Amphetamine (1–5 mg/kg i.p.) | ↓ CPP |
| Flagel et al. (2003) | Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats | Short | SA on FR1 | Cocaine (0.125–0.5 mg/kg i.v.) | ↑ SA (females) ↓ SA (males) |
| Kosten et al. (2000) | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Long | SA on FR1 | Cocaine (0.0625–0.5 mg/kg i.v.) | ↑ SA (acquisition) |
| Moffet et al. (2006) | Female and male Long-Evans rats | Short and long | SA on FR1 | Cocaine (0.0625–1.0 mg/kg i.v.) | ↓ SA (short separation) ↑ SA (long separation) |
| Vazquez et al. (2006) | Male Long-Evans rats | Long | 2-Bottle choice | Amphetamine (25 mg/liter p.o.) Cocaine (100 mg/liter p.o.) | ↑ Preference ↔ Preference |
| Opiates | |||||
| Michaels and Holtzman (2008) | Female and male Long-Evans rats | Long | CPP | Morphine (3–10 mg/kg s.c.) | ↑ CPP |
| Vazquez et al. (2006) | Female and male Long-Evans rats | Long | 2-Bottle choice | Morphine (25 mg/liter p.o.) | ↑ Preference |
| Alcohol | |||||
| Barr et al. (2004a) | Female Rhesus macaques | Long | Voluntary consumption | Alcohol (8.4% p.o.) | ↑ Consumption |
| Cruz et al. (2008) | CFW Male mice | Long | SA on FR3, PR and 3-bottle choice | Alcohol (6–10% p.o.) | ↑ SA (on FR3 and 3-bottle choice) |
| Gustafsson et al. (2005) | Female Wistar rats | Short and long | 2-Bottle choice | Alcohol (8% p.o.) | ↔ Preference |
| Huot et al. (2001) | Male Long-Evans rats | Long | 2-Bottle choice | Alcohol (8% p.o.) | ↑ Preference |
| Roman et al. (2003) | Male alcohol-preferring rats | Short | Voluntary consumption | Alcohol (2–10% p.o.) | ↓ Consumption |
SA, self-administration; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, no difference.