Tissues/Diseases | Reported Functions | Proposed Effector Pathway(s) | Pathophysiologic Process | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bone | Osteoblast differentiation | N.D. | Runx2 expression | Yoshida et al., 2002 |
Osteoblast differentiation | PKA | N.D. | Nakagawa et al., 2007 | |
Osteoblast differentiation | N.D. | N.D. | Keila et al., 2001; Shamir et al., 2004; Alander and Raisz, 2006 | |
Gao et al., 2009; Ninomiya et al., 2011 | ||||
Osteoclast differentiation | cAMP | RANKL expression | Tomita et al., 2002 | |
Osteoclast differentiation | N.D. | N.D. | Ono et al., 1998 | |
Bone formation | N.D. | N.D. | Machwate et al., 2001; Hagino et al., 2005; Li et al., 2005; Toyoda et al., 2005 | |
Akhter et al., 2006; Ito et al., 2006; Ke et al., 2006; Onishi et al., 2008 | ||||
Bone resorption | cAMP | Osteoclast differentiation factor expression | Suzawa et al., 2000 | |
Bone resorption | cAMP | MMP-2, MMP-13 expression | Miyaura et al., 2000 | |
Bone resorption | cAMP | N.D. | Mano et al., 2000 | |
Bone resorption | N.D. | Osteoclast differentiation factor expression | Sakuma et al., 2000 | |
Inhibition of osteoclastgenesis inhibitory factor | ||||
Bone resorption | N.D. | RANKL expression | Li et al., 2002 | |
Bone resorption | N.D. | N.D. | Zhan et al., 2005 | |
Bone healing | N.D. | MMP-9 expression | Xie et al., 2009 | |
Bone healing | N.D. | N.D. | Tanaka et al., 2004; Li et al., 2005; Marui et al., 2006 | |
Cartilage | Endochondral bone formation | cAMP | Chondrocyte differentiation | Miyamoto et al., 2003b |
Matrix degradation and inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis | N.D. | MMP-13, ADAMTS-5 expression | Attur et al., 2008 | |
Rheumatoid arthritis | Development of arthritis | PKA; p38 MAPK | COX-2 expression in synovial fibroblasts | Faour et al., 2001 |
Development of arthritis | N.D. | PTH-related peptide production in synovial fibroblasts | Yoshida et al., 2001 | |
Development of arthritis | N.D. | IL-1β and IL-6 production in macrophages | McCoy et al., 2002 | |
Development of arthritis | N.D. | Th1 differentiation and Th17 expansion | Chen et al., 2010 | |
Development of arthritis | N.D. | N.D. | Murase et al., 2008 | |
Development of arthritis | N.D. | N.D. | Okumura et al., 2008 | |
Development of arthritis | N.D. | N.D. | Honda et al., 2006 |
ADAMTS-5, a disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysin type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5; N.D., not determined; PTH, parathyroid hormone.