Reported roles of EP4-mediated signaling pathways in cancer
| Reported Functions | Proposed Effector Pathway(s) | Pathophysiologic Process | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | Proliferation | PI3K; ERK; p38 | N.D. | Pozzi et al., 2004 |
| Proliferation | PI3K; ERK; Akt | N.D. | Sheng et al., 2001 | |
| Proliferation | N.D. | N.D. | Chell et al., 2006 | |
| Proliferation | ERK | CREB phosphorylation, expression of EGR-1 | Cherukuri et al., 2007 | |
| Proliferation, apoptosis, cyst formation | cAMP; ERK2 | CREB phosphorylation | Hawcroft et al., 2006 | |
| G0/G1 cell cycle arrest | EGFR transactivation; cAMP | Expression of p21 | Doherty et al., 2009 | |
| Polyp formation | N.D. | N.D. | Mutoh et al., 2002 | |
| Invadopodia formation, colony growth, cell motility | ERK | CREB phosphorylation; expression of S100P | Chandramouli et al., 2010 | |
| Metastasis | N.D. | N.D. | Yang et al., 2006 | |
| Lung cancer | Proliferation | ERK; Akt; PI3K; Sp1 | Expression of ILK | Zheng et al., 2009 |
| Migration | β-Αrrestin 1 | Activation of c-Src | Kim et al., 2010 | |
| Migration, adhesion, invasion, colony formation | Akt | N.D. | Yang et al., 2006 | |
| Breast cancer | Proliferation, invasion | N.D. | N.D. | Robertson et al., 2008 |
| Lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, metastasis | Akt | Reduced VEGF-C and VEGF-D production | Xin et al., 2012 | |
| Metastasis | cAMP | N.D. | Ma et al., 2006 | |
| Metastasis | cAMP; ERK | N.D. | Ma et al., 2012 | |
| Production of estrogen | BRCA1 | CREB phosphorylation, expression of CYP19 | Subbaramaiah et al., 2008 | |
| Prostate cancer | Progression of castration-resistant, proliferation | cAMP | ARactivation, PSA production | Terada et al., 2010 |
| Ovarian cancer | Migration | N.D. | PGE2 production, VEGF production | Spinella et al., 2004a,b |
| Gallbladder cancer | Colony formation | N.D. | Expression of c-Fos | Asano et al., 2002 |
| T-cell leukemia | Apoptosis | PI3K; Akt | Activation of caspase | George, 2007 |
| Renal cancer | Proliferation, adhesion | Rap1GAP | Decreased E-cadherin expression | Wu et al., 2011 |
| Invasion | RGC2; Akt | RalA activation | Li et al., 2013 |
AR, androgen receptor; BRCA1, breast cancer susceptibility gene 1; N.D., not determined; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; RGC2, Ral GTPase activation protein (GAP) complex 2.