Tissues/Cells | Reported Functions | Proposed Effector Pathway(s) | Pathophysiologic Process | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heart | Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy | EGFR activation; ERK1/2 | Protein synthesis | Mendez and LaPointe, 2005 |
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy | ERK1/2; STAT3 | Protein synthesis | Frias et al, 2007; Qian et al., 2008 | |
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy | PKA; Rap; ERK1/2;p90RSK | c-Fos and BNP expression | He et al., 2010 | |
Reduced infarct size | N.D. | N.D. | Xiao et al., 2004 | |
Reduced infarct size | N.D. | Inhibition of MCP-1 production and recruitment of macrophages | Hishikari et al., 2009 | |
Prolonged graft survival | N.D. | Inhibition of NF-κB and cytokine production | Ogawa et al., 2009 | |
Suppressed autoimmune myocarditis | N.D. | Inhibition of T-cell proliferation and MCP-1 production | Ngoc et al., 2011 | |
Ductus arteriosus | Vasodilation | cAMP; AC6 | Phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein | Yokoyama et al., 2010b |
Vasodilation | N.D. | N.D. | Smith et al., 1994; Kajino et al., 2004; Momma et al., 2005a,b | |
Intimal thickening | cAMP; AC6; PKA;p38 MAPK | Hyaluronan-mediated smooth muscle cell migration | Yokoyama et al., 2006, 2010a | |
Renal artery | Vasodilation | cAMP | Decreased intracellular calcium concentration | Purdy and Arendshorst, 2000 |
Saphenous vein | Vasodilation | N.D. | N.D. | Coleman et al., 1994a; Rouaud et al., 1999; Jones and Chan, 2001; Wilson and Giles, 2005 |
Pulmonary vein | Vasodilation | N.D. | N.D. | Walch et al., 1999; Foudi et al., 2008 |
Cerebral artery | Vasodilation | N.D. | N.D. | Davis et al., 2004; Maubach et al., 2009 |
Uterine artery | Vasodilation | N.D. | N.D. | Baxter et al., 1995 |
Endothelial cells | Angiogenesis | cAMP; PKAγ;Rap1A | eNOS activation | Zhang and Daaka, 2011 |
Angiogenesis | N.D. | eNOS activation; AMP activated protein kinase activation | Zhu et al., 2011 | |
Angiogenesis | cAMP; ERK1/2 | Endothelial cell migration | Rao et al., 2007 | |
Angiogenesis | N.D. | Endothelial cell migration | Kuwano et al., 2004 | |
Angiogenesis | N.D. | VEGF production; endothelial cell proliferation | Yanni et al., 2009 | |
Atherosclerosis | Increased early atherosclerosis | PI3K; Akt | Inhibition of macrophage apoptosis | Babaev et al., 2008 |
Proteolytic activation | N.D. | MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation in macrophages | Cipollone et al., 2005 | |
Inhibition of inflammation | N.D. | Inhibition of MCP-1 and IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 production | Tang et al., 2011a | |
Aortic aneurysm | Progression of aortic aneurysm | N.D. | Inhibition of IL-6 production and MMP-2 activation | Yokoyama et al., 2012 |
Progression of aortic aneurysm | N.D. | Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activation | Cao et al., 2012 | |
Inhibition of aortic aneurysm | N.D. | Inhibition of MCP-1 in macrophages | Tang et al., 2011b |
BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; eNOS, endothelial nitric-oxide synthase; N.D., not determined.