| Protective Autophagy | | |
Beclin1 deletion | Mice show an increased frequency of spontaneous tumors. | Breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer | Liang et al., 1999; Qu et al., 2003; Yue et al., 2003 |
Beclin1 overexpression | Decreases occur in MCF-7 cellular proliferation, in vitro clonogenicity, and tumorigenesis in nude mice. | Breast cancer | Liang et al., 1999 |
Atg5 deletion or the liver-specific Atg7 deficiency | Mice develop benign tumors in the liver. | Liver cancer | Takamura et al., 2011 |
Atg4C deficiency | Mice show increased chemically induced fibrosarcomas. | Fibrosarcomas | Marino et al., 2007 |
Bif-1deficiency | Mice show an increased frequency of spontaneous lymphomas. | Lymphomas | Takahashi et al., 2007 |
UVRAG overexpression | Significant tumor mass reduction occurs in mice. | Colon cancer | Liang et al., 2006 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Atg7 mutation | Mice show impaired glucose tolerance and a decreased level of serum insulin. | Diabetes | Jung et al., 2008 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Atg5 deficiency | Mice show cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction. | Cardiomyopathy | Nakai et al., 2007 |
LAMP2 deficiency | Cardiac myocytes are ultrastructurally abnormal, and heart contractility is severely reduced. | Danon disease | Nishino et al., 2000; Tanaka et al., 2000 |
Beclin1 deficiency | Mice show greater intracellular aggregate accumulation and hastened heart failure. | Heart disease | Tannous et al., 2008 |
Beclin1 or Atg5 overexpression | Enhanced autophagy significantly reduced apoptosis in cardiac HL-1 cells after ischemia/reperfusion. | Heart disease | Hamacher-Brady et al., 2006, 2007 |
| Autophagic Cell Death | | |
Beclin1 knockdown | Inhibition of autophagy enhanced cell survival in cardiac myocytes in response to ischemia/reperfusion. | Heart disease | Valentim et al., 2006 |
Disruption or overexpression of Beclin1 | Inhibition or promotion of autophagy diminished or accentuated the pathogenesis of load-induced heart failure in mice. | Cardiac hypertrophy | Zhu et al., 2007 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Atg7 or Atg5 deficiency | Mice displayed ubiquitinated protein aggregates and inclusion bodies in their neurons. | Neurodegenerative disease | Hara et al., 2006; Komatsu et al., 2006 |
Ambra1 deficiency | Mice showed severe neural tube defects. | Neurodegenerative disease | Fimia et al., 2007 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Beclin1 deficiency | Accelerated amyloid-β accumulation occurs. | Alzheimer disease | Pickford et al., 2008 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Beclin1 overexpression | The accumulation of α-syn and the associated neuronal pathology are reduced in neuronal cells and a mouse model. | Parkinson disease | Spencer et al., 2009 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Bec-1, Ce-atg7, or Ce-atg18 knockdown | The aggregate formation and toxicity of polyQ expansion proteins were increased in C. elegans. | Huntington disease | Jia et al., 2007 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Beclin 1 overexpression | The brains of mice infected with Sindbis virus have fewer Sindbis virus RNA-positive cells, fewer apoptotic cells, and lower viral titers | Infectious disease | Liang et al., 1998 |
Atg5 deficiency | Dendritic cells show impaired autophagic delivery to endosomal Toll-like receptors and interferon production during virus infection. | Infectious diseases | Lee et al., 2007 |
Atg5 deficiency | Periphery CD8+ T cells display increased apoptosis, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells show defective activation-induced proliferation. | Infectious diseases | Pua et al., 2007 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Bec-1 or Ce-atg7 deficiency | The mean and maximum life span of C. elegans were decreased. | Aging | Jia and Levine, 2007 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
IRGM and ATG16L1 | A genomewide association scan in individuals with Crohn disease identified IRGM and ATG16L1 as new risk loci. | Immune disease | Massey and Parkes, 2007; Parkes et al., 2007 |
| Protective Autophagy | | |
Beclin1 overexpression | Restoration of autophagy rescued the disease phenotype in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. | Inflammation | Luciani et al., 2010 |