TABLE 5

Preclinical studies of the effects of autophagy modulators on various diseases

Autophagy Modulation	Agent	Effects	Related Disease	References
Activation	Rapamycin	Prevents thyroid hormone, aortic banding, or pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy	Cardiac hypertrophy	Nishida et al., 2009
	Sulfaphenazole	Protects cardiomyocytes against I/R in vitro and in vivo	Heart disease	Huang et al., 2010
	Chloramphenicol succinate	Reduces myocardial damage during I/R	Heart disease	Sala-Mercado et al., 2010
	Everolimus	Selectively clears macrophagy and protects smooth muscle cells	Atherosclerosis	Verheye et al., 2007
Inhibition	Trichostatin A	Blunts pathologic cardiac remodeling during severe pressure overload	Heart disease	Cao et al., 2011
	Propofol	Limits myocardial damage during I/R in vivo	Heart disease	Noh et al., 2010
	G-CSF	Reduces myocardial fibrosis and improves hamster survival	Cardiomyopathy	Miyata et al., 2006
	Urocortin	Reduces myocyte cell death	Heart disease	Valentim et al., 2006
Activation	Rapamycin	Promotes CD8⁺ T cell memory formation	Infectious disease
	AR-12	Inhibits the survival of bacteria in human and murine macrophages	Infectious disease	Chiu et al., 2009a,b
	1,25D3	Inhibits HIV replication and mycobacterial growth	Infectious disease	Campbell and Spector, 2012
Activation	Isoniazid or pyrazinamide	Dampens M. tuberculosis–induced proinflammatory responses in macrophagy	Infectious disease	Kim et al., 2012
Activation	Rapamycin	Clears expanded polyQ and mutant huntingtin, and reduces their toxicity in vitro and in vivo	Huntington disease	Berger et al., 2006; Ravikumar et al., 2002, 2004
	Small-molecule enhancers of rapamycin	Enhances the clearance of mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein	Huntington and Parkinson disease	Sarkar et al., 2007b
	Rapamycin	Increases the clearance of α-synuclein	Parkinson disease	Webb et al., 2003
	Lithium and trehalose	Promotes the clearance of mutant huntingtin and α-synuclein	Huntington and Parkinson disease	Sarkar et al., 2007a, 2005
	l-NAME	Enhances the degradation of huntingtin	Huntington disease	Sarkar et al., 2011
Activation	Rapamycin or methionine sulfoximine	Increases the chronologic life span in S. cerevisiae	Aging	Powers et al., 2006

l-NAME, N^G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester.