Phytochemicals that activate PPAR signaling
| Phytochemical | Target Tissue/Cells | Effects | Involved Molecular Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | Human hepatoma HepG2 cells | Inhibit oleic acid–induced hepatic lipogenesis and hepatic antioxidative ability | Increased the expression of PPARα | Kang et al. (2013) |
| Type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice | Exhibit hypoglycemic effects and stimulated human adipocyte differentiation | Activated PPARγ | Nishiyama et al. (2005); Kuroda et al. (2005) | |
| HSCs | Activated PPARγ | Shapiro and Bruck (2005) | ||
| Eker rat–derived uterine leiomyoma cell lines | Inhibit of cell proliferation | Acted as PPARγ ligand | Tsuiji et al. (2011) | |
| Diosgenin | STZ-induced type 2 diabetes model of rats | Modulate glucose level and decreased oxidative stress and lipid accumulation | Interacted PPARα and PPARγ | Sangeetha et al. (2013) |
| Whole grape powder | Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats | Reduce blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction | Enhanced cardiac PPARα and PPARγ, but decreased NF-κB | Seymour et al. (2010) |
| Betulinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid | Human colon and pancreatic cancer cells | Induce cytotoxicity | Activated PPARγ | Chintharlapalli et al. (2007a,b) |
| MHY 966 | Melanin-possessing hairless mice 2 | Modulate UVB-induced inflammatory responses | Activated PPAR α and PPARγ | Park et al. (2013) |
| Resveratrol | MCAO stroke mice model | Reduce brain infarct volume | Activated PPARα and PPARγ | Inoue et al. (2003) |
| Primary cultured cortical neurons | Inhibit MMP-9 and protected neurons from OGD injury | Upregulation of PPARα | Cheng et al. (2009) | |
| Genistein | Primary cultured cortical astrocytes | Decrease inflammatory responses to Aβ | Increased PPARγ expression | Valles et al. (2010) |
| Daidzein | OGD from rat cortical neurons | Decrease cell death and improve synaptic function | Increased PPARγ activity in the nucleus | Hurtado et al. (2012) |
| Naringenin | Human hepatocyte carcinoma Huh7 cell line | Increase fatty acid oxidation and decrease cholesterol and bile acid production | Activated PPARα and PPARγ | Goldwasser et al. (2010) |
| Curcumin | Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model | Decrease the infarct volume, neuronal damage and improve neurologic deficits | Upregulated PPARγ expression and PPARγ activity | Liu et al. (2013c) |
| Primary cultured astrocytes | Decrease Aβ-induced inflammatory mediators | Activated PPARγ | Wang et al. (2010a) | |
| Mice intracerebroventricular STZ-induced dementia model | Improve STZ-induced memory deficits and modulate AChE activity and oxidative stress | Activated PPARγ | Rinwa et al. (2010) | |
| HSCs | Inhibit ERK activity and stimulate the trans-activity of PPARγ | Activated PPARγ | Lin et al. (2012a) | |
| HSCs | Eliminate effects of AGEs | Activated PPARγ | Lin et al. (2012b) | |
| Inhibit αl(l)-collagen gene expression and CTGF | Activated PPARγ and interrupted TGF-β | Zheng and Chen (2006) | ||
| HSCs | Increase TNF-α expression | Activated PPARγ | Siddiqui et al. (2006) | |
| RAW 264 (macrophages) and septic animals | Attenuate oxidative stress, suppressed of Ob-R gene expression | Activated PPAR and interrupted of leptin signaling | Tang et al. (2009) | |
| HSCs | Evaluate ox-LDL and suppress Lox-1 expression | Activated PPARγ and interrupting Wnt signaling | Kang and Chen (2009) | |
| HSCs | Suppress glut2 expression and attenuate oxidative stress | Activated PPARγ | Lin and Chen (2011) | |
| Hesperetin (from a citrus) | THP-1 (macrophages) | Increase ABCA1 expression and activate LXRα | Activated PPARγ | Iio et al. (2012) |
| ABA | 3T3-L1 (adipocytes) and db/db mice | Decrease fasting blood glucose concentration and ameliorate glucose tolerance | Activated PPARγ | Guri et al. (2007) |
| PGF | THP-1 (differentiated macrophage cells) and Zucker diabetic fatty rats and Zucker lean rats | Decrease GLUT-4 and improve the insulin receptors | Activated PPARγ | Huang et al. (2005) |
| Grapes | Grape-fed rat | Decrease cardiac TNF-α, TGF-β protein expression, and cardiac fibrosis and increase IκBα expression | Activated PPARγ and NF-κB | Seymour et al. (2010) |
ABA, abscisic acid; ABCA1, ATP binding cassette 1; AChE, acetylcholinesterase; AGE, advanced glycation end product; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; GLUT, glucose transporter; HSC, hepatic stellate cells; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LXR, liver X receptor; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; Ob-R, leptin receptor; OGD, oxygen–glucose deprivation; PGF, Punica granatum flower; STZ, streptozotocin; TGF, transforming growth factor; THP-1, a human monocyte cell line; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.