Drug Pharmacologya | Doses | Route | Strain/Species | Sex | ICSS Procedureb | Drug Effectc | Dependent Measure | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug Name | Selectivity | Structure | Parameter | |||||||
mg/kg | ||||||||||
Morphine | Mu | 5.25–10.25 | s.c. | Rat/male | Male | Free operant | Depression | ↓rate | Olds and Travis, 1960 | |
Morphine | Mu | 10 | s.c. | Albino rat | Free operant | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Adams et al., 1972 | ||
Morphine | Mu | 5.0–20 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Free operant | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Lorens and Mitchell, 1973 | |
Morphine | Mu | 4.0–12 | s.c. | CDF rat | Male | Discrete trial | Amplitude | Facilitation | ↓CIT | Marcus and Kornetsky, 1974 |
Morphine | Mu | 1.0–14 | s.c. | CDF rat | Male | Discrete trial | Amplitude | Mixed; tolerance | ↓↑CIT | Esposito and Kornetsky, 1977 |
Morphine | Mu | 1.0–18 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Altarifi and Negus, 2011 |
Morphine | Mu | 1.0–10 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2012 |
Morphine | Mu | 2.5 | i.p. | Long Evans rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Facilitation | ↓θ0 | Carlezon and Wise, 1993a |
Morphine | Mu | 1.0–5.6 | s.c. | C57BL/6J mouse | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Facilitation | ↓M50 | Elmer et al., 2010 |
Morphine | Mu | 1.0–5.6 | s.c. | DBA mouse | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↑M50 | Elmer et al., 2010 |
Heroin | Mu | 5.0 | i.p. | Wistar rat | Male | Free operant | Mixed; tolerance | Koob et al., 1975 | ||
Methadone | Mu | 0.1–5.6 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2012 |
Methadone | Mu | 0.32–3.2 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2013 |
Fentanyl | Mu | 0.001–0.1 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2012 |
Fentanyl | Mu | 0.001–0.1 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2013 |
Hydrocodone | Mu | 0.1–10 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2012 |
Buprenorphine | Mu | 0.001–0.1 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Facilitation | ↑rate | Altarifi et al., 2012 |
Nalbuphine | Mu | 0.1–10 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Facilitation | ↑rate | Altarifi et al., 2012 |
Nalbuphine | Mu | 0.1–10 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Mixed; tolerance | ↑↓rate | Altarifi et al., 2013 |
β-Funaltrexamine | Mu | 0.32–3.2 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | No effect | Altarifi et al., 2012 | |
Naloxone | Mu | 0.1 | s.c. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | No effect | Altarifi et al., 2012 | |
Naloxone | Mu | 20 | i.p. | Wistar rat | Male | Hybrid | Amplitude | No effect | θ5 | Borowski and Kokkinidis, 1992 |
U-69593 | Kappa | 0.0625–0.5 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↑θ0 | Todtenkopf et al., 2004 |
U-69593 | Kappa | 0.1–0.56 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↑EF50 | Do Carmo et al., 2009 |
U-69593 | Kappa | 0.056–0.56 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↓rate | Negus et al., 2010 |
U-69593 | Kappa | 0.56 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↓rate | Leitl et al., 2014 |
Salvinorin A | Kappa | 0.32–3.2 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↓rate | Negus et al., 2012a |
Salvinorin A | Kappa | 0.125–2.0 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↑θ0 | Carlezon et al., 2006 |
SNC80 | Delta | 10–56 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression | ↓rate | Do Carmo et al., 2009 |
SNC80 | Delta | 10 | i.p. | Sprague-Dawley rat | Male | Hybrid | Frequency | Depression; tolerance | ↓rate | Negus et al., 2012b |
Rate, response rate; CIT, current-intensity threshold; θ0, theta-0 threshold; θ5, amplitude maintaining five responses per minute; M50 or EF50, frequency maintaining 50% maximum rate.
↵a Opioid receptor subtype selectivity.
↵b First column indicates structure of experimental session (see text for details). Second column indicates stimulation parameter under manipulation across trials.
↵c Most prominent drug effect on ICSS. Tolerance: tolerance to drug-induced depression of ICSS.