Nociceptive, inflammatory, and pruritic pathways caused by direct stimulation
PIP2 metabolism is considered to relieve inhibition of most TRP channels that regulate nociceptive responses and is therefore omitted, unless indicated to increase activity (Rohacs, 2007).
| Direct Mechanisms of Activation | Reference | |
|---|---|---|
| TRPV1 | Thermal | |
| Noxious heat >43°C | Tominaga et al., 1998 | |
| Chemical | ||
| Protons pH <5.9 | Tominaga et al., 1998 | |
| 4-HNE | DelloStritto et al., 2014 | |
| Arachidonic acid/AEA | Smart et al., 2000; Sousa-Valente et al., 2014 | |
| ATP | Moriyama et al., 2003; Lishko et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2012 | |
| Leukotriene B4 | Vigna et al., 2011 | |
| Oleoylethanolamide | Suardíaz et al., 2007 | |
| 20-HETE | Wen et al., 2012 | |
| 5-(S)-HETE , 12-(S)-HETE | Hwang et al., 2000 | |
| 5-(S)-HPETE, 12-(S)-HPETE | Hwang et al., 2000 | |
| PGE2/ PGI2 | Moriyama et al., 2005 | |
| LPA | Nieto-Posadas et al., 2012 | |
| Capsaicin | Caterina et al., 1997 | |
| Resiniferatoxin | Szallasi et al., 1999 | |
| Piperine | McNamara et al., 2005 | |
| Tarantula toxin (DxTx) | Bohlen et al., 2010 | |
| TRPV2 | Thermal | |
| Noxious heat >52°C | Hu et al., 2004 | |
| Chemical | ||
| 2-APB | Monet et al., 2009 | |
| Arachidonic acid | Hu et al., 2005 | |
| Lysophospholipids | Stokes et al., 2004 | |
| TRPV3 | Thermal | |
| Warm >32°C | Peier et al., 2002b | |
| Chemical | ||
| Carvacrol, eugenol, thymol | Xu et al., 2006 | |
| 2-APB | Hu et al., 2006 | |
| Arachidonic acid | Hu et al., 2006 | |
| Monoterpenoids (camphor) | Vogt-Eisele et al., 2007 | |
| 1,8-Cineole | Takaishi et al., 2012 | |
| TRPV4 | Thermal | |
| Warm >28°C | Güler et al., 2002; Todaka et al., 2004 | |
| Mechanical | ||
| Membrane stretch/swelling | Alessandri-Haber et al., 2003; Mochizuki et al., 2009 | |
| Cilia beating | Lorenzo et al., 2008 | |
| Chemical | ||
| Arachidonic acid, AEA, 5′,6′-EET, 8′,9′-EET | Watanabe et al., 2003 | |
| TRPM2 | Chemical | |
| Protons <pH 6.7 | Du et al., 2009 | |
| H2O2 | Fonfria et al., 2004; Naziroglu et al., 2011 | |
| Adenine dinucleotides | Kraft et al., 2004; Grubisha et al., 2006; Du et al., 2009 | |
| TRPM3 | Thermal | |
| Heat >37°C | Vriens et al., 2011 | |
| Chemical | ||
| Pregnenolone sulfate | Wagner et al., 2008 | |
| d-Erythro-sphingosine | Grimm et al., 2005 | |
| Clotrimazole | Vriens et al., 2014 | |
| TRPM8 | Thermal | |
| Cold 2–28°C | McKemy et al., 2002; Peier et al., 2002a | |
| Chemical | ||
| PIP2 | Rohács et al., 2005 | |
| Lysophospholipids | Andersson et al., 2007 | |
| Menthol, icilin | Peier et al., 2002a | |
| 1,8-Cineole | Takaishi et al., 2012 | |
| Camphor | Selescu et al., 2013 | |
| TRPA1 | Thermal | |
| Noxious cold <17°C | ||
| Chemical | ||
| Cannabinoids | Andersson et al., 2011 | |
| 4-HNE | Trevisani et al., 2007; Taylor-Clark et al., 2008a | |
| 5′,6′-EET | Sisignano et al., 2012 | |
| PGA1, PGA2, 15-dPGJ2 | Cruz-Orengo et al., 2008; Materazzi et al., 2008; Taylor-Clark et al., 2008b | |
| Allyl isothiocyanate | Macpherson et al., 2007 | |
| Lipopolysaccharide | Meseguer et al., 2014 | |
| Hydrogen sulfide | Andersson et al., 2012 | |
| Cinnemaldehyde | Macpherson et al., 2007 | |
| Allicin, diallyl disulphide, | Taylor-Clark et al., 2009 | |
| Nitrooleic acid | ||
| Chloroquine | Than et al., 2013 |