Published studies included in this review
Symbols indicate that the studies were interpreted as providing positive (+) or negative (-) results regarding the suitability of the drug as a pharmacotherapy. Under Laboratory Animal Studies, studies using rodent subjects are indicated by italics.
| Drug | Laboratory Animal Studies | Human Laboratory Studies | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drugs that Target Monoamine Transporters | |||
| d-Amphetamine | (−)Mansbach and Balster, 1993 | (+)Rush et al., 2010 | (+)Grabowski et al., 2001 |
| (+)Negus, 2003 | (+)Shearer et al., 2003 | ||
| (+)Negus and Mello, 2003a | (+)Schmitz et al., 2012 | ||
| (+)Negus and Mello, 2003b | (+)Levin et al., 2015 | ||
| (−)Barrett et al., 2004 | |||
| (+)Chiodo et al., 2008 | |||
| (+)Czoty et al., 2010 | |||
| (+)Czoty et al., 2011 | |||
| (+)Banks et al., 2013 | |||
| (−)Thomsen et al., 2013 (acute) | |||
| (+)Thomsen et al., 2013 (chronic) | |||
| (+)Banks et al., 2015 | |||
| Methylphenidate | (−)Hiranita et al., 2009 | (+)Collins et al., 2006 | (−)Grabowski et al., 1997 |
| (−)Czoty et al., 2013 | (+)Schubiner et al., 2002 | ||
| (−)Levin et al., 2007 | |||
| Modafinil | (+)Newman et al., 2010 | (+)Hart et al., 2008 | (+)Dackis et al., 2005 |
| (−)Verrico et al., 2014 | (−)Anderson et al., 2009 | ||
| (−)Dackis et al., 2012 | |||
| (−)Schmitz et al., 2012 | |||
| (−)Schmitz et al., 2014 | |||
| (+)Kampman et al., 2015 | |||
| (−)Karila et al., 2016 | |||
| Desipramine | (−)Mello et al., 1990a | (−)Fischman et al., 1990 | (+)Gawin et al., 1989 |
| (−)Campbell et al., 2003 | |||
| Amantadine | (−)Sannerud and Griffiths, 1988 | (−)Collins et al., 2003 | (−)Kampman et al., 1996 |
| (+)Shoptaw et al., 2002 | |||
| (−)Kampman et al., 2006 | |||
| Drugs that Facilitate GABA Function | |||
| Baclofen | (+)Roberts et al., 1996 | (−)Lile et al., 2004a | (+)Shoptaw et al., 2003 |
| (+)Roberts and Andrews, 1997 | (+)Haney et al., 2006 | (−)Kahn et al., 2009 | |
| (+)Shoaib et al., 1998 | |||
| (+)Brebner et al., 2000a | |||
| (+)Brebner et al., 2000b | |||
| (−)Barrett et al., 2005 | |||
| (−)Weerts et al., 2005 | |||
| (−)Filip et al., 2007 | |||
| Tiagabine | (−)Weerts et al., 2005 | (−)Lile et al., 2004b | (−)Winhusen et al., 2005 |
| (−)Winhusen et al., 2007 | |||
| Drugs that Target Other Mechanisms | |||
| Buspirone | (−)Gold and Balster, 1992 | (−)Bolin et al., 2015 | (−)Moeller et al., 2001 |
| (−)Bergman et al., 2013 | (−)Winhusen et al., 2014 | ||
| (+)Mello et al., 2013 | |||
| (−)Czoty and Nader, 2015 | |||
| (−)John et al., 2015 | |||
| Buprenorphine | (+)Mello et al., 1989 | (+)Foltin and Fischman, 1994 | (+)Schottenfeld et al., 1993 |
| (+)Mello et al., 1990b | (+)Foltin and Fischman, 1996 | (−)Schottenfeld et al., 1997 | |
| (−)Carroll and Lac, 1992 | (+)Montoya et al., 2004 | ||
| (−)Carroll et al., 1992 | (−)Schottenfeld et al., 2005 | ||
| (+)Mello et al., 1992 | |||
| (+)Mello et al., 1993a | |||
| (+)Mello et al., 1993b | |||
| (+)Lukas et al., 1995 | |||
| Progesterone | (+)Mello et al., 2011 | (−)Reed et al., 2011 | (−)Yonkers et al., 2014 |