Glutamate dynamics
Downward arrows indicate a decrease, upward arrows indicate an increase, and question marks indicate that this experimental outcome has not yet been tested.
| Drug | GLT-1 Expression/Function | Restoration of GLT-1 Decreases Reinstatement | xCT Expression/Function | Basal NACore Extrasynaptic Glutamate | Glutamate Release During Drug Seeking | Effects of Agonism of mGluR2/3 on Reinstatement | Effects of Antagonism of mGluR5 on Reinstatement | Effects of Astroglial Gq-DREADD Activation on Reinstatement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cocaine | ↓ (Knackstedt et al., 2010a; Trantham-Davidson et al., 2012; Reissner et al., 2015) | (Knackstedt et al., 2010a; Moussawi et al., 2011; Sondheimer and Knackstedt, 2011; Reissner et al., 2015) | ↓ (Baker et al., 2003; Knackstedt et al., 2010a) | ↓ (Baker et al., 2003) | ↑ (McFarland et al., 2003) | ↓ (Peters and Kalivas, 2006; Cannella et al., 2013) | ↓ (Kumaresan et al., 2009; Knackstedt et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2013) | ↓ (Scofield et al., 2015) |
| Nicotine | ↓ (Knackstedt et al., 2009; Gipson et al., 2013b) | (Alajaji et al., 2013; Ramirez-Niño et al., 2013) | ↓ (Knackstedt et al., 2009) | Unchanged (Gipson et al., 2013b) | ↑ (Gipson et al., 2013b) | ↓ (Liechti et al., 2007) | ↓ (Bespalov et al., 2005; Dravolina et al., 2007) | Untested |
| Opiates | ↓ (Shen and Kalivas, 2013) | (Zhou and Kalivas, 2008) | ↑ (Shen and Kalivas, 2013) | ?? | ↑ (LaLumiere and Kalivas, 2008) | ↓ (Bossert et al., 2005, 2006) | ↓ (Popik and Wróbel, 2002; Brown et al., 2012) | Untested |
| Ethanol | ↓ (Melendez et al., 2005; Sari et al., 2013) or unchanged (Griffin et al., 2014) | Untested | Unchanged sodium-independent uptake (Griffin et al., 2014) | ↑ (Griffin et al., 2014) | ↑ (Gass et al., 2011) | ↓ (Zhao et al., 2006; Griffin et al., 2014) | ↓ (Bäckström and Hyytiä, 2004; Sinclair et al., 2012) | ↓ (Bull et al., 2014) |
| Methamphetamine | Untested | Untested | Untested | ↓ (Parsegian and See, 2014); ↑ (Lominac et al., 2012) | ↑ (Parsegian and See, 2014) | ↓ (Kufahl et al., 2013) | ↓ (Gass et al., 2009; Watterson et al., 2013) | Untested |
xCT, the catalytic subunit of the cystine-glutamate exchanger.