Decarboxylated products of common amino acids, their known TAAR ligand status, and putative physiologic effects
Putative enzymes were obtained from the Brenda-enzymes.org database. Only those known or predicted to be present in eukaryotes are shown. See the text for citations, with the exception of entries with footnotes.
| Amino Acid | Decarboxylated Amine | Known Putative Enzyme | TAAR Ligand | Physiologic Functions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine | Ethylamine | Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | ||
| Arginine | Agmatine | Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | TAAR13d, TAAR13e, and TAAR14d agonist | Putative neurotransmitter. Regulates various neurotransmitter receptors, regulates ion channels, inhibits nitric oxide synthase, downregulates matrix metalloproteases, prevents advanced glycation end product formation, and activates NADPH oxidase |
| Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) | ||||
| Asparagine | 3-aminopropanamide | No | ||
| Aspartic acid | 3-amino propanoic acid (β-alanine) | Aspartate 1-decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.11) | Precursor for carnosine. Possible precursor for pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Agonist at glycine receptors | |
| Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | ||||
| Glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) | ||||
| Tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) | ||||
| Cysteine | Cysteamine | Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | Precursor of homotaurine. Treatment of cystinosis | |
| Glutamic acid | GABA | Glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) | No | Neurotransmitter |
| Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | ||||
| Tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) | ||||
| Glutamine | 4-aminobutanamide (GABamide) | No | GABA uptake inhibitor. Putative epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist | |
| Glycine | Methylamine | No | Implicated in cardiovascular complications of diabetes | |
| Histidine | Histamine | Histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) | TAAR13a and TAAR13d agonist | Neurotransmitter. Paracrine hormone |
| AADC (EC 4.1.1.28) | ||||
| Phenylalanine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.53) | ||||
| Isoleucine | 2-methyl-1-butylamine | Methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.57) | Putative ligand at TAAR1 and TAAR3a | Food additive |
| Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | ||||
| Leucine | Isoamylamine (3-methyl-1-butylamine; isopentylamine) | Methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.57) | TAAR3, TAAR12h, and TAAR16f agonist | See text for details |
| Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | ||||
| Lysine | Cadaverine | Lysine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.18) | TAAR13c and 13d agonist. Agonist at unidentified rat TAARs | See text for details |
| Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | ||||
| Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) | ||||
| Methionine | 3-methylthiopropylamine | Methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.57) | Interacts with enzymes in polyamine metabolism | |
| Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | ||||
| Ornithine | Putrescine | Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) | TAAR13d agonist | Spermine/spermidine precursor |
| Lysine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.18) | ||||
| Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | ||||
| Phenylalanine | PEA | AADC (EC 4.1.1.28) | TAAR1, TAAR4, and TAAR12h agonist | See text for details |
| Phenylalanine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.53) | ||||
| Tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) | ||||
| Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | ||||
| Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | ||||
| Proline | Pyrrolidine | Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | Fish attractantb | |
| Serine | Ethanolamine | Arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) | Membrane phospholipid head group. Sclerosing agent | |
| Threonine | 1-aminopropan-2-ol (isopropanolamine) | No | Present in salivac | |
| Tryptophan | TRP | AADC (EC 4.1.1.28) | TAAR1 and TAAR10b agonist | See text for details |
| Phenylalanine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.53) | ||||
| Tyrosine | TYR | AADC (EC 4.1.1.28) | TAAR1 and TAAR4 agonist | See text for details |
| Tyrosine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.25) | ||||
| Phenylalanine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.53) | ||||
| Valine | Isobutylamine (2-methyl-1-propylamine) | Valine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.14) | Found in various foodstuffs. Activates olfactory/vomeronasal organ. Putative puberty-accelerating pheromone | |
| Methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.57) |