Pharmacological strategies to mitigate the impact of inflammation on anhedonia
| Immunotherapeutic Strategies |
|---|
| mAbs to cytokines, cytokine receptors, cellular adhesion molecules, and chemokine receptors |
| Inflammatory signaling pathway inhibitors (e.g., TLR4 inhibitors, JAK inhibitors—baricitinib, p38 MAPK inhibitors) |
| Inflammasome blockade (e.g., P2X7 receptor antagonists) |
| COX-2/prostaglandin inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib, aspirin) |
| Inhibitors of microglial activation (e.g., minocycline) |
| Neuroimmunomodulation [e.g., efferent vagal nerve stimulation; γ frequency light (flicker) exposure] |
| Neurotransmitter Strategies |
| Dopamine |
| Synthesis (e.g., sapropterin, folic acid, l-methylfolate, SAMe, levodopa) |
| Release (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine) |
| Reuptake (e.g., bupropion, methylphenidate, modafinil) |
| Agonists (e.g., aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, pramipexole) |
| Glutamate |
| Receptor antagonists (e.g., memantine, ketamine, esketamine, AXS-05) |
| Reuptake enhancers/glutamate stabilizers (e.g., riluzole) |
| Immunometabolic Strategies (Systemic and Cellular) |
| Glycolysis inhibitors (e.g., imatinib, lonidamine, rapamycin, dimethyl fumarate) |
| Antioxidants (e.g., N-acetyl cysteine) |
| Insulin sensitizers (e.g., pioglitazone, metformin) |
| Fatty acid metabolism (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine) |
| Kynurenine Pathway Strategies |
| IDO inhibitors (e.g., indoximod) |
| Blockade of KYN transport into brain (e.g., leucine) |
mAb, monoclonal antibody.