TABLE 1

Elevation of cathepsin B in patients with neurologic disorders

Clinical ConditionBiofluid or TissueCTSB RegulationFeaturesReference
ADBrain cortex↑CTSB protein increased by 18-foldBatkulwar et al., 2018
ADBrain↑High CTSB protein and proteolytic activity abnormally localized at amyloid plaques in brainCataldo and Nixon, 1990
ADSerum↑Increased CTSB correlates with cognitive deficitsSun et al., 2015
ADCSF↑Increased CTSB proteinSundelof et al., 2010; Armstrong et al., 2014
ADCSF↑Increased CTSB protein in AD analyzed by proteomicsZhang et al., 2005
ADPlasma↑Elevated CTSB protein in mild and severe AD by 50%–80% above controlsMorena et al., 2017
Periodontitis linked to ADSerum↑Increased CTSB levels by 43%Rong et al., 2020
HIVBrain and plasma monocytes↑Elevated CTSBRodriguez-Franco et al., 2012; Cantres-Rosario et al., 2013
ALSSpinal cord↑Increased CTSB expression and proteinKikuchi et al., 2003; Dangond et al., 2004; Offen et al., 2009; Saris et al., 2013
Severe traumaPlasma↑CTSB activity was elevated 5- to 6-fold in severe trauma leading to organ failureAssfalg-Machleidt et al., 1990; Jochum et al., 1993
Traumatic brain injuryCSF↑Elevated CTSB protein by twofoldBoutte et al., 2020
Multiple traumaPlasma↑Elevated CTSB associated with trauma and sepsisJochum et al., 1993
Vascular pathologyBrain vascular endothelium↑Elevated CTSB levelsAoki et al., 2008
Guillain-Barre syndromeCSF↑Elevated CTSB activityNagai et al., 2000
AgingCSF↑Increased CTSB protein correlated positively with ageNilsson et al., 2013