TABLE 2

Elevation of Cathepsin B in Animal Models of Neurologic Disorders

Animal ModelSpecies, AgeCTSB RegulationCTSB mRNA, Protein, or ActivityTissueReferences
Alzheimer’s disease, 5XFAD modelMouse, 12 months↑Elevated gene expressionBrainBouter et al., 2014
Alzheimer’s disease, APPSwe/PS1Mouse, 12 months↑Increased proteinBrainSun et al., 2015
Periodontitis, Alzheimer’s diseaseMouse, 12 months↑Increased proteinHippocampus brain regionWu et al., 2017
TBI traumaMouse, 3–5 months, and rat, 2–3 months↑Elevated mRNA, protein and proteolytic activityBrainNatale et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2006; Luo et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2013; Hook et al., 2014a; Boutte et al., 2020
Trauma spinal cord contusionRat, 2–3 months↑Increased mRNA, protein, and activityBrainEllis et al., 2004, 2005
Trauma surgeryMouse, ∼3 months↑Elevated activity in extracellular matrixIntestineVreemann et al., 2009
Subarachnoid hemorrhageRat, ∼3–4 months↑Increased proteinBrainYu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015
Brain aneurysmRat, 2 months at time of injury, and 5 months for analysis↑Elevated mRNA and activityCerebral aneurysm wallsAoki et al., 2008
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)Mouse, 2–4 months↑Increased mRNASpinal cord motoneuronsFerraiuolo et al., 2007; Offen et al., 2009
Excitatory epilepsyRat, ∼1 month↑Increased proteinBrain and spinal cordNi et al., 2013
Excitotoxicity, Huntington’s diseaseRat, 2–3 months↑Elevated proteinBrainWang et al., 2006
Ischemia, acuteRat, 2–3 months↑Elevated protein and activityBrainTsubokawa et al., 2006
IschemiaMonkey, adult, and rat, 2–3 months↑Increased protein and activityBrainSeyfried et al., 1997; Yamashima et al., 1998; Tsuchiya et al., 1999; Tsubokawa et al., 2006
Hypoxia/ischemia, neonatalMouse, neonatal↑Increased mRNA and enzyme proteinMicroglia hippocampusNi et al., 2015
Meningitis brain infectionMousea↑Increased proteolytic activityHuman THP-1 cellsHoegen et al., 2011
Sepsis infectionRat, 2 months or 1 month↑Increased proteolytic activitySkeletal muscleRuff and Secrist, 1984; Hummel et al., 1988
Inflammation, agingMouse, 12 months, and 2, 10, 20 months↑Increased mRNA and proteinBrainWu et al., 2017; Ni et al., 2019
Inflammatory painMouse, ∼1 month↑Elevated proteinSpinal cordSun et al., 2012

  • aAge not indicated.