Regular ArticleAcylation stimulating protein (ASP), an adipocyte autocrine: new directions☆
Abstract
Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is an adipocyte-derived protein which has potent anabolic effects on human adipose tissue for both glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) storage. Our hypothesis is that: (i) ASP is produced by adipocytes in specific response to stimuli that initiate efficient fat storage; (ii) ASP interacts with a specific adipocyte receptor triggering an intracellular signalling pathway which activates triglyceride synthesis and fat storage; and (iii) that absence (ASP knockout mouse) or excess (in normal or obese mice) of ASP will result in physiological changes of plasma fat clearance and adipose tissue metabolism. The present review focuses on advances in ASP within the last 2 years with particular emphasis on these three aspects of ASP
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Diseases originating from altered energy homeostasis including obesity, and type 2 diabetes are rapidly increasing worldwide. Research in the last few decades on animal models and humans demonstrates that the white adipose tissue (WAT) is critical for energy balance and more than just an energy storage site. WAT orchestrates the whole-body metabolism through inter-organ crosstalk primarily mediated by cytokines named “Adipokines”. The adipokines influence metabolism and fuel selection of the skeletal muscle and liver thereby fine-tuning the load on WAT itself in physiological conditions like starvation, exercise and cold. In addition, adipokine secretion is influenced by various pathological conditions like obesity, inflammation and diabetes. In this review, we have surveyed the current state of knowledge on important adipokines and their significance in regulating energy balance and metabolic diseases. Furthermore, we have summarized the interplay of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines in the modulation of pathological conditions.
Adipocyte-Derived Hormones
2020, Hormonal Signaling in Biology and Medicine: Comprehensive Modern EndocrinologyOnce considered a passive participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that performs important physiologic processes. Currently, adipose tissue and adipocytes themselves are widely recognized as the source of numerous endocrine mediators. Adipocytes and other cells present in adipose tissue secrete miRNA, exosomes, lipids, steroids, inflammatory cytokines, and peptide hormones that act in both paracrine and endocrine modes. Three peptide hormones with substantial endocrine activity are produced nearly exclusively from adipocytes. These three hormones are leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. In mice, they are produced in adipocytes. However, in humans, resistin is produced from immune cells. These hormones have all been discovered in the past 25 years, and research on these hormones has greatly enhanced our understanding of adipocyte function and its contributions to systemic metabolism. This review will focus on structure, signaling, and function of these hormones and their relationship to metabolic health.
Adipocyte-Derived Hormones
2019, Hormonal Signaling in Biology and Medicine: Comprehensive Modern EndocrinologyOnce considered a passive participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that performs important physiologic processes. Currently, adipose tissue and adipocytes themselves are widely recognized as the source of numerous endocrine mediators. Adipocytes and other cells present in adipose tissue secrete miRNA, exosomes, lipids, steroids, inflammatory cytokines, and peptide hormones that act in both paracrine and endocrine modes. Three peptide hormones with substantial endocrine activity are produced nearly exclusively from adipocytes. These three hormones are leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. In mice, they are produced in adipocytes. However, in humans, resistin is produced from immune cells. These hormones have all been discovered in the past 25 years, and research on these hormones has greatly enhanced our understanding of adipocyte function and its contributions to systemic metabolism. This review will focus on structure, signaling, and function of these hormones and their relationship to metabolic health.
Association of A:O ratio with metabolic risk markers in North Indian women
2019, Clinical Epidemiology and Global HealthPlasma concentrations of Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and Orexin-A are closely linked to body weight and energy homeostasis. The purpose of this study is to describe the associations of A:O with metabolic risk marker in women.
This is a case control study. Total 382 women were recruited for the study.192 women with metabolic syndrome (WmetS) &190 women without metabolic syndrome (WometS) according to NCEP-ATPIII guidelines. Serum ASP and Orexin-A level were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Result indicated that Waist Circumference, Blood pressure, Lipid profile, Glucose (FPG), Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), ASP and A:O ratio were significantly higher but HDL and Orexin-A level were significantly lower in WmetS than WometS. The correlation of ASP, A:O ratio were positively significant correlated with Waist Circumference (WC), Triglyceride (TG), Glucose (FPG) and negatively significant correlated with High density lipoprotein (HDL), however the orexin-A was negatively significant correlated with WC and TG in WmetS.
The study concluded that A:O ratio may be one of the potential biomarker for metabolic syndrome.
Osteoporosis, the most common bone metabolic disease affecting nearly 200 million people worldwide is under the strong influence of genetic components. Simultaneously, adipogenesis and osteogenesis are two highly coordinated processes imperative for the maintenance of bone quality and quantity, where any perturbation leads to pathological conditions of obesity, osteopenia and osteoporosis. To delineate this adipogenic-osteogenic connection, a total of 254 cases (T-score < − 1.0 SD) and 250 age, gender and ethnicity matched healthy controls (T-score ≥ − 1.0 SD) were recruited from North India after analyzing bone health status employing quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone densitometer. The genetic variants of Perilipin 1 (PLIN1), Complement Factor D (CFD) and Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP/ARMS-PCR approach. Subjects with CC + CT (PLIN1 rs2304795) and CC + CG (CFD rs1683563) genotypes conferred nearly 1.54–1.87 fold increased risk towards bone deterioration. Predicted RNA secondary structures of rs2304795 corroborated the risk associated with wild type C allele. G allele carriers at the ADIPOQ locus (rs1501299) were more likely to have a lower bone health (1.57-fold). Haplotype analysis revealed the ADIPOQ variants rs1501299 and rs3774261 in slight linkage disequilibrium (LD), nonetheless G/G haplotype was associated with increased risk. 3-locus and 5-locus gene-gene interaction models revealed a greater likelihood of bone deterioration. In conclusion, certain variants of adipogenic genes might serve as potential biomarkers for determining the genetic predisposition towards bone loss in the North Indian population, further, emphasizing the role of impaired metabolism in bone health.
Lipids and metabolic syndrome
2016, Handbook of Lipids in Human Function: Fatty AcidsMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic disorders, such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose that contribute to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary lipids have been recognized as contributory factors in the development and the prevention of cardiovascular risk clustering. This review explores the relevant mechanisms involved in the influence of dietary fatty acids on MetS components.
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