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Enhancement of cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats by yohimbine: sex differences and the role of the estrous cycle

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Abstract

Rationale

Previous studies have shown that female rats exhibit enhanced cocaine-seeking across several phases of the addiction cycle when compared to males. Drug-seeking in females is also estrous cycle dependent and inversely associated with plasma progesterone. Although sex and estrous cycle-dependent differences have been reported in the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking triggered by cocaine injections or drug-paired cues, it is not yet known what role the estrous cycle may have on stress-induced reinstatement, either alone or in combination with drug-paired cues.

Objectives

Here, we examined male and female rats for reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking produced by cocaine-paired cues or the stress-activating drug, yohimbine.

Methods

Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats self-administered intravenous cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) paired with a light + tone stimulus for 10–14 days. Lever responding was then allowed to extinguish, with subsequent reinstatement testing occurring 30 min following an injection of yohimbine (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) or vehicle either in the presence or absence of the conditioned stimulus.

Results

While males and females showed similar cue- and yohimbine-induced reinstatement (3–4 times over “No Cue”-vehicle responding), combining these stimuli resulted in a robust enhancement in cocaine-seeking in both groups, with a greater increase in females (10–12 vs. 14–15 times over “No Cue”-vehicle responding for the males and females, respectively). When examined as a function of the estrous cycle, females in proestrus demonstrated higher levels of responding during yohimbine + cues reinstatement.

Conclusions

This cycle-dependent enhanced sensitivity to stress enhancement of cocaine-paired cues may generalize to greater relapse susceptibility under stressful conditions.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by NIDA grant DA016511 (RES), NICHHD grant K12 HD055885-01 (MWF), and NIH grant C06 RR015455.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Feltenstein, M.W., Henderson, A.R. & See, R.E. Enhancement of cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in rats by yohimbine: sex differences and the role of the estrous cycle. Psychopharmacology 216, 53–62 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2187-6

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